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Henry VIII (specific facts) Flashcards

1
Q

Renewal of Treaty of Etaples

A

1510
England and France
To seek continuation of peace with France

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2
Q

First invasion of France

A

1512
Henry sent 10,000 troops to Southwest France
Achieved nothing - used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand

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3
Q

Battle of Spurs

A

1513
Captured Therouanne and Tournai
Nothing more than a little Skirmish but claimed as a ‘stunning victory’

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4
Q

Battle of Flodden

A

1513
James IV killed leaving throne in hands of infant James V
Henry did not capitalise on fragile position of Scottish throne

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5
Q

How were Henry’s military adventures of 1513 unsuccessful

A

Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to finance it
Renegotiated French pension was lost
Tournai sold back to France for a price less than the English had paid to repair defences after the initial siege

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6
Q

Treaty of Cambrai

A

1517
HRE and France establish peace
Caused England to be dangerously isolated in Europe

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7
Q

Field of Cloth of Gold

A

1520
Cost Henry £15,000
Extravagant diplomatic encounter
Achieved little diplomatically
Contradicted by Treaty of Bruges

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8
Q

Treaty of Bruges

A

1521
England and HRE
To improve Henrys relations with Pope who wanted reduced French control over Italy
To get a marriage alliance between Emperor and Henry’s daughter, Mary

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9
Q

Outcome of Treaty of Bruges

A

English armies invaded northern France in 1522 and 1523
Charles cancelled the marriage agreement with Mary

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10
Q

When did Henry invade Northern France in the 1520’s

A

1522 & 1523
The campaigns gained little but proved costly
Parliament proving reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue necessary to cover the costs

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11
Q

Treaty of Amiens

A

1527
England and France
An anti-imperial alliance was made
To strengthen England’s weak position

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12
Q

How many ships did Henry’s Navy have by 1539

A

40 battle ships (inherited 7)

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13
Q

Battle of Solway Moss

A

1542
15,000 Scots heavily defeated by 3,000 English
James V died shortly after - leaving 1 week old Mary as heir

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14
Q

How can Henry be criticised for the failure of Scottish policy in the 1540’s

A

Prioritised invasion of France:
Neglected opportunity to secure policy through military force after Solway Moss
Failed to listen to Sadler’s warnings about Scottish Hostility to ‘rough wooing’

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15
Q

Who was Sir Ralph Sadler and what did he warn Henry about

A

English ambassador in Edinburgh
Reported widespread suspicion of English intentions
And Scots refused to allow Henry’s request of Mary being brought up in England

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16
Q

What was Henry’s rough wooing policy with Scotland

A

Sought to marry young Prince Edward with younger Mary, Queen of Scots

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17
Q

Treaty of Greenwich

A

1543
Produces agreement for Mary, Queen of Scots and Edward to marry

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18
Q

Battle of Ancrum Moor

A

1545
Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of England
English defeated

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19
Q

Outcome of Battle of Ancrum Moor

A

French failed to recapture Boulogne
Invasion of Northern England never materialised
Peace agreed in 1546

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20
Q

Third Succession Act

A

1543
Returned Mary and Elizabeth to line of succession behind Edward
To establish line of succession after Henry’s death

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21
Q

How much money did Henry spend on French campaigns from 1509-1525, and then by the end of his reign?

A
  • 1509-1525: £1.4 million
  • £3.5 million
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22
Q

Council learned abolished

A

1510
Bonds and recognisances cancelled

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23
Q

Tudor subsidy

A

Used local committee’s to assess wealth and tax accordingly
Used 4 times 1513-15 & 1523
Raised £322,000
Insufficient for expenditure on war

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24
Q

Act of resumption (Henry VIII)

A

1515
Some former crown land returned back to crown
No significant financial impact

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25
Enclosures Act
* 1515 * 188 prosecutions * Abandoned in 1523 as a compromise for subsidy
26
Reform of Star Chamber
1516 Designed to challenge corruption and abuse of power of Nobility 1685 cases 10x number under Henry VII
27
Fourth parliament (Henry VIII)
1523 Granted Wolsey £150,000 £800,000 was requested
28
Resistance to amicable grant
1525 Additional tax Wolsey demanded To fund Henry's war in France 10,000 resisted payment in Essex/Suffolk Abandoned by Henry
29
Eltham Ordinances
1526 Privy chamber cut from 12 to 6 Groom of stool removed Money saved of little significance Wolsey strengthened his position of influence
30
Ultimate reason for Wolsey's downfall
Failed to give Henry annulment of marriage with Catherine
31
When and what was Wolsey charged with? When did he die?
October 1529 Praemunire Died before trial November 1529
32
Court of Chancery
Wolsey heard 7526 cases Improved access to justice for the poor
33
Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates
1532 Withholding the first year's income from the office of the bishop Previously sent to the papacy To increase pressure on papacy
34
Submission of the Clergy
1532 Catholic Church in England gave up their power to formulate church laws without King's license To reduce powers of catholic church
35
Act in Restraint of Appeals
1534 Declared monarch possessed imperial jurisdiction and declared that appeals could not be made to Rome regarding Church court decisions
36
Act of Supremacy
1534 Gave legislative force to royal supremacy Made Henry Supreme Head of the Church in England To establish royal supremacy
37
Treason Act
1534 Treason could be committed by spoken word as well as by deed or writing
38
Which well known Councillor was a victim of the Treason Act
1535 Sir Thomas More Convicted and executed for denying royal supremacy
39
Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths
1534 The annates paid by a bishop to the pope now were paid to the king To increase the financial burdens on the clergy
40
Law in Wales Act
* 1536 * Divided Wales into shire counties * Shires had direct representation in the House of Commons * To bring Wales under English control
41
Court of Augmentations established
1536 To manage income generated from dissolution of monasteries Crown income increased from £150,000 to £300,000
42
Council streamlined
1536 From 70 to 20 Signalled a move away from power being centred within the household
43
2nd Succession Act
1536 Removes Elizabeth from heir presumptive Declares that Henry can chose succession in his will
44
Council of North reformed
* 1537 * Responsible for maintenance of law and order * North starts to feel power of Crown more directly
45
Six Articles published
1539 Reasserted catholic doctrine Denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical To reassure Catholic opinion in England
46
Act to abolish sanctuary
1540 Criminals could no longer shelter in places of worship to avoid arrest Increased convictions of those accused of treason for heresy
47
Debasing of the coinage
1544-1546 Replaced precious metal in coins with base metals Short term artificial boom and saved money for crown Long term negative impacts on living standards
48
Ultimate reason for Wolsey's downfall
Failure of Anne of Cleves marriage Work of Duke of Norfolk
49
War against France financial cost vs financial gain
Cost: £3,400,000 Gained: £730,000
50
How much did subsidies and forced loans raise
£920,000
51
Third Succession Act
1543 It returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the line of the succession behind their half-brother Edward
52
What were the motives behind the Pilgrimage of Grace
**Dissolution of Monasteries:** Loss of charitable and educational functions Fear that North would be impoverished by land falling to Southerners **Secular motives:** Ordinary rebels motivated by rumours of economic grievances : sheep tax
53
Pilgrimage of Grace
1536 10,000 rebels took York Overall 30,000 men including clergy, nobility and commoners Risings in Northumberland and Durham Henry falsely promised to restore monasteries Leading to disperse of rebels
54
Significance of Pilgrimage of Grace
Large number of participation Geographically widespread across North Participation of numerous social classes
55
How did wages of commoners suffer under Henry VIII
Rise in inflation caused by policy of debasement 1526
56
What were the population of Coventry recorded as having
Over half of population had no personal wealth
57
When did annulment proceedings for dispensation of marriage to Anne begin
1527
58
When were the clergy accused of praemunire
1530
59
Cromwell made vice-gerent in Spirituals
1535 Evidence of a swing to reformist influence over Henry
60
Valor Ecclesiaticus
1535 Cromwell commissioned census of the Church to assess its wealth
61
Act of Ten Articles
1536 Catholic 'Seven Sacraments' rejected Left only baptism, Eucharist and penance Clear move towards protestantism
62
Royal Injunctions to clergy by Cromwell
1536 **Ordered clergy to:** Defend royal supremacy in sermons Abandon pilgrimages
63
Act of Dissolution of Lesser Monastries
1536 Smaller monasteries worth under £200 were closed down
64
Bishop's Book published
1537 4 'lost' sacraments rediscovered No discussion of transubstantiation
65
Mathew Bible published
1537 Distinctly protestant version that had King's permission
66
Which Truce prompted Henry to move back to Catholicism through the Act of Six Articles
1538 Truce of Nice Charles V and Francis I Created real possible of joint invasion of England by Catholic powers
67
Second royal injunctions to clergy by Cromwell
1538 English Bible to be placed in all parishes within 2 years Relics to be removed from churches
68
Trial and execution of John Lambert
1538 For his rejection of transubstantiation Clear symbol of Henry's commitment to catholic belief Of Christ's real presence in the Eucharist
69
Henry excommunicated by Paul III
1538
70
Act of Six Articles
1539 **Confirmed:** Transubstantiation Private Masses **Banned:** Taking communion in both kinds Radical shift towards Catholicism
71
The King's Book
1543 Revised Bishop's Book Defended transubstantiation and Six Articles Written by Henry himself
72
Chantries Act
1545 Allowed for dissolution of chantries
73
Anne Askew
1545 Burned for denying transubstantiation Evidence of Henry's commitment to parts of Catholicism
74
Council of Regency
1546 Henry named heavily protestant Council of Regency for his heir Ensured Protestant-influenced inheritance for Prince Edward
75
In which years were there poor harvests under Henry VIII
1520-21 1527-29 Led to increase in food prices
76
When was Wolsey's commission into enclosures
1517 264 prosecutions against landlords
77
Cromwell's Enclosure Act
1536 Stopped enclosing Sensitive areas such as East Anglia left out Government reluctant to take on powerful landowners 3% land enclosed by 1547
78
Debasement of coinage
1526 & 1542-43 Added to inflationary pressure
79
How much did export of cloth raise by under Henry VIII
125% Between 1510-1550
80
In which years were there good harvests under Henry VIII
1537-42 & 1546-48
81
What happened to grain prices under Henry VIII
Doubled Between 1510-1530 Increased farming income
82
How did 2 specific towns economically suffer under Henry VIII
1/2 Coventry and 1/3 Yarmouth Recorded as having no personal wealth
83
Which 3 areas experienced a boom in cloth trade under Henry VIII
West Yorkshire East Anglia Gloucestershire
84
How many blast furnaces had been produced by the end of Henry VIII's reign
26
85
What % of people lived off land and subsistence farming
90%
86
Act for The Advancement of True Religion
* 1543 * Restricted access of English Bible to upper-class men and noblewomen
87
Treaty of London
* 1518 * Non-aggression pact between England, France, Spain and HRE

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