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Henry VIII (specific facts) Flashcards

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1
Q

Renewal of Treaty of Etaples

A

1510
England and France
To seek continuation of peace with France

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2
Q

First invasion of France

A

1512
Henry sent 10,000 troops to Southwest France
Achieved nothing - used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand

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3
Q

Battle of Spurs

A

1513
Captured Therouanne and Tournai
Nothing more than a little Skirmish but claimed as a ‘stunning victory’

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4
Q

Battle of Flodden

A

1513
James IV killed leaving throne in hands of infant James V
Henry did not capitalise on fragile position of Scottish throne

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5
Q

How were Henry’s military adventures of 1513 unsuccessful

A

Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to finance it
Renegotiated French pension was lost
Tournai sold back to France for a price less than the English had paid to repair defences after the initial siege

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6
Q

Treaty of Cambrai

A

1517
HRE and France establish peace
Caused England to be dangerously isolated in Europe

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7
Q

Field of Cloth of Gold

A

1520
Cost Henry £15,000
Extravagant diplomatic encounter
Achieved little diplomatically
Contradicted by Treaty of Bruges

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8
Q

Treaty of Bruges

A

1521
England and HRE
To improve Henrys relations with Pope who wanted reduced French control over Italy
To get a marriage alliance between Emperor and Henry’s daughter, Mary

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9
Q

Outcome of Treaty of Bruges

A

English armies invaded northern France in 1522 and 1523
Charles cancelled the marriage agreement with Mary

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10
Q

When did Henry invade Northern France in the 1520’s

A

1522 & 1523
The campaigns gained little but proved costly
Parliament proving reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue necessary to cover the costs

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11
Q

Treaty of Amiens

A

1527
England and France
An anti-imperial alliance was made
To strengthen England’s weak position

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12
Q

How many ships did Henry’s Navy have by 1539

A

40 battle ships (inherited 7)

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13
Q

Battle of Solway Moss

A

1542
15,000 Scots heavily defeated by 3,000 English
James V died shortly after - leaving 1 week old Mary as heir

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14
Q

How can Henry be criticised for the failure of Scottish policy in the 1540’s

A

Prioritised invasion of France:
Neglected opportunity to secure policy through military force after Solway Moss
Failed to listen to Sadler’s warnings about Scottish Hostility to ‘rough wooing’

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15
Q

Who was Sir Ralph Sadler and what did he warn Henry about

A

English ambassador in Edinburgh
Reported widespread suspicion of English intentions
And Scots refused to allow Henry’s request of Mary being brought up in England

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16
Q

What was Henry’s rough wooing policy with Scotland

A

Sought to marry young Prince Edward with younger Mary, Queen of Scots

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17
Q

Treaty of Greenwich

A

1543
Produces agreement for Mary, Queen of Scots and Edward to marry

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18
Q

Battle of Ancrum Moor

A

1545
Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of England
English defeated

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19
Q

Outcome of Battle of Ancrum Moor

A

French failed to recapture Boulogne
Invasion of Northern England never materialised
Peace agreed in 1546

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20
Q

Third Succession Act

A

1543
Returned Mary and Elizabeth to line of succession behind Edward
To establish line of succession after Henry’s death

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21
Q

How much money did Henry spend on French campaigns from 1509-1525, and then by the end of his reign?

A
  • 1509-1525: £1.4 million
  • £3.5 million
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22
Q

Council learned abolished

A

1510
Bonds and recognisances cancelled

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23
Q

Tudor subsidy

A

Used local committee’s to assess wealth and tax accordingly
Used 4 times 1513-15 & 1523
Raised £322,000
Insufficient for expenditure on war

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24
Q

Act of resumption (Henry VIII)

A

1515
Some former crown land returned back to crown
No significant financial impact

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25
Q

Enclosures Act

A
  • 1515
  • 188 prosecutions
  • Abandoned in 1523 as a compromise for subsidy
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26
Q

Reform of Star Chamber

A

1516
Designed to challenge corruption and abuse of power of Nobility
1685 cases
10x number under Henry VII

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27
Q

Fourth parliament (Henry VIII)

A

1523
Granted Wolsey £150,000
£800,000 was requested

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28
Q

Resistance to amicable grant

A

1525
Additional tax Wolsey demanded
To fund Henry’s war in France
10,000 resisted payment in Essex/Suffolk
Abandoned by Henry

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29
Q

Eltham Ordinances

A

1526
Privy chamber cut from 12 to 6
Groom of stool removed
Money saved of little significance
Wolsey strengthened his position of influence

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30
Q

Ultimate reason for Wolsey’s downfall

A

Failed to give Henry annulment of marriage with Catherine

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31
Q

When and what was Wolsey charged with?
When did he die?

A

October 1529
Praemunire
Died before trial November 1529

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32
Q

Court of Chancery

A

Wolsey heard 7526 cases
Improved access to justice for the poor

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33
Q

Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates

A

1532
Withholding the first year’s income from the office of the bishop
Previously sent to the papacy
To increase pressure on papacy

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34
Q

Submission of the Clergy

A

1532
Catholic Church in England gave up their power to formulate church laws without King’s license
To reduce powers of catholic church

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35
Q

Act in Restraint of Appeals

A

1534
Declared monarch possessed imperial jurisdiction and declared that appeals could not be made to Rome regarding Church court decisions

36
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

1534
Gave legislative force to royal supremacy
Made Henry Supreme Head of the Church in England
To establish royal supremacy

37
Q

Treason Act

A

1534
Treason could be
committed by
spoken word as
well as by deed or
writing

38
Q

Which well known Councillor was a victim of the Treason Act

A

1535
Sir Thomas More
Convicted and executed for denying royal supremacy

39
Q

Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths

A

1534
The annates paid
by a bishop to the
pope now were
paid to the king
To increase the
financial burdens
on the clergy

40
Q

Law in Wales Act

A
  • 1536
  • Divided Wales into shire counties
  • Shires had direct representation in the House of Commons
  • To bring Wales under English control
41
Q

Court of Augmentations established

A

1536
To manage income generated from dissolution of monasteries
Crown income increased from £150,000 to £300,000

42
Q

Council streamlined

A

1536
From 70 to 20
Signalled a move away from power being centred within the household

43
Q

2nd Succession Act

A

1536
Removes Elizabeth
from heir presumptive Declares that Henry can chose succession in his will

44
Q

Council of North reformed

A
  • 1537
  • Responsible for maintenance of law and order
  • North starts to feel power of Crown more directly
45
Q

Six Articles published

A

1539
Reasserted
catholic doctrine
Denial of
transubstantiation
was deemed
heretical
To reassure
Catholic opinion
in England

46
Q

Act to abolish sanctuary

A

1540
Criminals could no longer shelter in places of worship to avoid arrest
Increased convictions of those accused of treason for heresy

47
Q

Debasing of the coinage

A

1544-1546
Replaced precious metal in coins with base metals
Short term artificial boom and saved money for crown
Long term negative impacts on living standards

48
Q

Ultimate reason for Wolsey’s downfall

A

Failure of Anne of Cleves marriage
Work of Duke of Norfolk

49
Q

War against France financial cost vs financial gain

A

Cost: £3,400,000
Gained: £730,000

50
Q

How much did subsidies and forced loans raise

A

£920,000

51
Q

Third Succession Act

A

1543

It returned both
Mary and
Elizabeth to the
line of the
succession behind
their half-brother
Edward

52
Q

What were the motives behind the Pilgrimage of Grace

A

Dissolution of Monasteries:

Loss of charitable and educational functions

Fear that North would be impoverished by land falling to Southerners

Secular motives:

Ordinary rebels motivated by rumours of economic grievances : sheep tax

53
Q

Pilgrimage of Grace

A

1536

10,000 rebels took York

Overall 30,000 men including clergy, nobility and commoners

Risings in Northumberland and Durham

Henry falsely promised to restore monasteries

Leading to disperse of rebels

54
Q

Significance of Pilgrimage of Grace

A

Large number of participation

Geographically widespread across North

Participation of numerous social classes

55
Q

How did wages of commoners suffer under Henry VIII

A

Rise in inflation caused by policy of debasement 1526

56
Q

What were the population of Coventry recorded as having

A

Over half of population had no personal wealth

57
Q

When did annulment proceedings for dispensation of marriage to Anne begin

A

1527

58
Q

When were the clergy accused of praemunire

A

1530

59
Q

Cromwell made vice-gerent in Spirituals

A

1535

Evidence of a swing to reformist influence over Henry

60
Q

Valor Ecclesiaticus

A

1535

Cromwell commissioned census of the Church to assess its wealth

61
Q

Act of Ten Articles

A

1536

Catholic ‘Seven Sacraments’ rejected

Left only baptism, Eucharist and penance

Clear move towards protestantism

62
Q

Royal Injunctions to clergy by Cromwell

A

1536

Ordered clergy to:

Defend royal supremacy in sermons

Abandon pilgrimages

63
Q

Act of Dissolution of Lesser Monastries

A

1536

Smaller monasteries worth under £200 were closed down

64
Q

Bishop’s Book published

A

1537

4 ‘lost’ sacraments rediscovered

No discussion of transubstantiation

65
Q

Mathew Bible published

A

1537

Distinctly protestant version that had King’s permission

66
Q

Which Truce prompted Henry to move back to Catholicism through the Act of Six Articles

A

1538

Truce of Nice

Charles V and Francis I

Created real possible of joint invasion of England by Catholic powers

67
Q

Second royal injunctions to clergy by Cromwell

A

1538

English Bible to be placed in all parishes within 2 years

Relics to be removed from churches

68
Q

Trial and execution of John Lambert

A

1538

For his rejection of transubstantiation

Clear symbol of Henry’s commitment to catholic belief

Of Christ’s real presence in the Eucharist

69
Q

Henry excommunicated by Paul III

A

1538

70
Q

Act of Six Articles

A

1539

Confirmed:
Transubstantiation
Private Masses

Banned:
Taking communion in both kinds

Radical shift towards Catholicism

71
Q

The King’s Book

A

1543

Revised Bishop’s Book

Defended transubstantiation and Six Articles

Written by Henry himself

72
Q

Chantries Act

A

1545

Allowed for dissolution of chantries

73
Q

Anne Askew

A

1545

Burned for denying transubstantiation

Evidence of Henry’s commitment to parts of Catholicism

74
Q

Council of Regency

A

1546

Henry named heavily protestant Council of Regency for his heir

Ensured Protestant-influenced inheritance for Prince Edward

75
Q

In which years were there poor harvests under Henry VIII

A

1520-21
1527-29
Led to increase in food prices

76
Q

When was Wolsey’s commission into enclosures

A

1517

264 prosecutions against landlords

77
Q

Cromwell’s Enclosure Act

A

1536

Stopped enclosing

Sensitive areas such as East Anglia left out

Government reluctant to take on powerful landowners

3% land enclosed by 1547

78
Q

Debasement of coinage

A

1526 & 1542-43

Added to inflationary pressure

79
Q

How much did export of cloth raise by under Henry VIII

A

125%

Between 1510-1550

80
Q

In which years were there good harvests under Henry VIII

A

1537-42 & 1546-48

81
Q

What happened to grain prices under Henry VIII

A

Doubled

Between 1510-1530

Increased farming income

82
Q

How did 2 specific towns economically suffer under Henry VIII

A

1/2 Coventry and 1/3 Yarmouth

Recorded as having no personal wealth

83
Q

Which 3 areas experienced a boom in cloth trade under Henry VIII

A

West Yorkshire

East Anglia

Gloucestershire

84
Q

How many blast furnaces had been produced by the end of Henry VIII’s reign

A

26

85
Q

What % of people lived off land and subsistence farming

A

90%

86
Q

Act for The Advancement of True Religion

A
  • 1543
  • Restricted access of English Bible to upper-class men and noblewomen
87
Q

Treaty of London

A
  • 1518
  • Non-aggression pact between England, France, Spain and HRE

History (33 decks)

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