Henry VIII (specific facts) Flashcards
Renewal of Treaty of Etaples
1510
England and France
To seek continuation of peace with France
First invasion of France
1512
Henry sent 10,000 troops to Southwest France
Achieved nothing - used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand
Battle of Spurs
1513
Captured Therouanne and Tournai
Nothing more than a little Skirmish but claimed as a ‘stunning victory’
Battle of Flodden
1513
James IV killed leaving throne in hands of infant James V
Henry did not capitalise on fragile position of Scottish throne
How were Henry’s military adventures of 1513 unsuccessful
Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to finance it
Renegotiated French pension was lost
Tournai sold back to France for a price less than the English had paid to repair defences after the initial siege
Treaty of Cambrai
1517
HRE and France establish peace
Caused England to be dangerously isolated in Europe
Field of Cloth of Gold
1520
Cost Henry £15,000
Extravagant diplomatic encounter
Achieved little diplomatically
Contradicted by Treaty of Bruges
Treaty of Bruges
1521
England and HRE
To improve Henrys relations with Pope who wanted reduced French control over Italy
To get a marriage alliance between Emperor and Henry’s daughter, Mary
Outcome of Treaty of Bruges
English armies invaded northern France in 1522 and 1523
Charles cancelled the marriage agreement with Mary
When did Henry invade Northern France in the 1520’s
1522 & 1523
The campaigns gained little but proved costly
Parliament proving reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue necessary to cover the costs
Treaty of Amiens
1527
England and France
An anti-imperial alliance was made
To strengthen England’s weak position
How many ships did Henry’s Navy have by 1539
40 battle ships (inherited 7)
Battle of Solway Moss
1542
15,000 Scots heavily defeated by 3,000 English
James V died shortly after - leaving 1 week old Mary as heir
How can Henry be criticised for the failure of Scottish policy in the 1540’s
Prioritised invasion of France:
Neglected opportunity to secure policy through military force after Solway Moss
Failed to listen to Sadler’s warnings about Scottish Hostility to ‘rough wooing’
Who was Sir Ralph Sadler and what did he warn Henry about
English ambassador in Edinburgh
Reported widespread suspicion of English intentions
And Scots refused to allow Henry’s request of Mary being brought up in England
What was Henry’s rough wooing policy with Scotland
Sought to marry young Prince Edward with younger Mary, Queen of Scots
Treaty of Greenwich
1543
Produces agreement for Mary, Queen of Scots and Edward to marry
Battle of Ancrum Moor
1545
Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of England
English defeated
Outcome of Battle of Ancrum Moor
French failed to recapture Boulogne
Invasion of Northern England never materialised
Peace agreed in 1546
Third Succession Act
1543
Returned Mary and Elizabeth to line of succession behind Edward
To establish line of succession after Henry’s death
How much money did Henry spend on French campaigns from 1509-1525, and then by the end of his reign?
- 1509-1525: £1.4 million
- £3.5 million
Council learned abolished
1510
Bonds and recognisances cancelled
Tudor subsidy
Used local committee’s to assess wealth and tax accordingly
Used 4 times 1513-15 & 1523
Raised £322,000
Insufficient for expenditure on war
Act of resumption (Henry VIII)
1515
Some former crown land returned back to crown
No significant financial impact
Enclosures Act
- 1515
- 188 prosecutions
- Abandoned in 1523 as a compromise for subsidy
Reform of Star Chamber
1516
Designed to challenge corruption and abuse of power of Nobility
1685 cases
10x number under Henry VII
Fourth parliament (Henry VIII)
1523
Granted Wolsey £150,000
£800,000 was requested
Resistance to amicable grant
1525
Additional tax Wolsey demanded
To fund Henry’s war in France
10,000 resisted payment in Essex/Suffolk
Abandoned by Henry
Eltham Ordinances
1526
Privy chamber cut from 12 to 6
Groom of stool removed
Money saved of little significance
Wolsey strengthened his position of influence
Ultimate reason for Wolsey’s downfall
Failed to give Henry annulment of marriage with Catherine
When and what was Wolsey charged with?
When did he die?
October 1529
Praemunire
Died before trial November 1529
Court of Chancery
Wolsey heard 7526 cases
Improved access to justice for the poor
Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates
1532
Withholding the first year’s income from the office of the bishop
Previously sent to the papacy
To increase pressure on papacy
Submission of the Clergy
1532
Catholic Church in England gave up their power to formulate church laws without King’s license
To reduce powers of catholic church
Act in Restraint of Appeals
1534
Declared monarch possessed imperial jurisdiction and declared that appeals could not be made to Rome regarding Church court decisions
Act of Supremacy
1534
Gave legislative force to royal supremacy
Made Henry Supreme Head of the Church in England
To establish royal supremacy
Treason Act
1534
Treason could be
committed by
spoken word as
well as by deed or
writing
Which well known Councillor was a victim of the Treason Act
1535
Sir Thomas More
Convicted and executed for denying royal supremacy
Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths
1534
The annates paid
by a bishop to the
pope now were
paid to the king
To increase the
financial burdens
on the clergy
Law in Wales Act
- 1536
- Divided Wales into shire counties
- Shires had direct representation in the House of Commons
- To bring Wales under English control
Court of Augmentations established
1536
To manage income generated from dissolution of monasteries
Crown income increased from £150,000 to £300,000
Council streamlined
1536
From 70 to 20
Signalled a move away from power being centred within the household
2nd Succession Act
1536
Removes Elizabeth
from heir presumptive Declares that Henry can chose succession in his will
Council of North reformed
- 1537
- Responsible for maintenance of law and order
- North starts to feel power of Crown more directly
Six Articles published
1539
Reasserted
catholic doctrine
Denial of
transubstantiation
was deemed
heretical
To reassure
Catholic opinion
in England
Act to abolish sanctuary
1540
Criminals could no longer shelter in places of worship to avoid arrest
Increased convictions of those accused of treason for heresy
Debasing of the coinage
1544-1546
Replaced precious metal in coins with base metals
Short term artificial boom and saved money for crown
Long term negative impacts on living standards
Ultimate reason for Wolsey’s downfall
Failure of Anne of Cleves marriage
Work of Duke of Norfolk
War against France financial cost vs financial gain
Cost: £3,400,000
Gained: £730,000
How much did subsidies and forced loans raise
£920,000
Third Succession Act
1543
It returned both
Mary and
Elizabeth to the
line of the
succession behind
their half-brother
Edward
What were the motives behind the Pilgrimage of Grace
Dissolution of Monasteries:
Loss of charitable and educational functions
Fear that North would be impoverished by land falling to Southerners
Secular motives:
Ordinary rebels motivated by rumours of economic grievances : sheep tax
Pilgrimage of Grace
1536
10,000 rebels took York
Overall 30,000 men including clergy, nobility and commoners
Risings in Northumberland and Durham
Henry falsely promised to restore monasteries
Leading to disperse of rebels
Significance of Pilgrimage of Grace
Large number of participation
Geographically widespread across North
Participation of numerous social classes
How did wages of commoners suffer under Henry VIII
Rise in inflation caused by policy of debasement 1526
What were the population of Coventry recorded as having
Over half of population had no personal wealth
When did annulment proceedings for dispensation of marriage to Anne begin
1527
When were the clergy accused of praemunire
1530
Cromwell made vice-gerent in Spirituals
1535
Evidence of a swing to reformist influence over Henry
Valor Ecclesiaticus
1535
Cromwell commissioned census of the Church to assess its wealth
Act of Ten Articles
1536
Catholic ‘Seven Sacraments’ rejected
Left only baptism, Eucharist and penance
Clear move towards protestantism
Royal Injunctions to clergy by Cromwell
1536
Ordered clergy to:
Defend royal supremacy in sermons
Abandon pilgrimages
Act of Dissolution of Lesser Monastries
1536
Smaller monasteries worth under £200 were closed down
Bishop’s Book published
1537
4 ‘lost’ sacraments rediscovered
No discussion of transubstantiation
Mathew Bible published
1537
Distinctly protestant version that had King’s permission
Which Truce prompted Henry to move back to Catholicism through the Act of Six Articles
1538
Truce of Nice
Charles V and Francis I
Created real possible of joint invasion of England by Catholic powers
Second royal injunctions to clergy by Cromwell
1538
English Bible to be placed in all parishes within 2 years
Relics to be removed from churches
Trial and execution of John Lambert
1538
For his rejection of transubstantiation
Clear symbol of Henry’s commitment to catholic belief
Of Christ’s real presence in the Eucharist
Henry excommunicated by Paul III
1538
Act of Six Articles
1539
Confirmed:
Transubstantiation
Private Masses
Banned:
Taking communion in both kinds
Radical shift towards Catholicism
The King’s Book
1543
Revised Bishop’s Book
Defended transubstantiation and Six Articles
Written by Henry himself
Chantries Act
1545
Allowed for dissolution of chantries
Anne Askew
1545
Burned for denying transubstantiation
Evidence of Henry’s commitment to parts of Catholicism
Council of Regency
1546
Henry named heavily protestant Council of Regency for his heir
Ensured Protestant-influenced inheritance for Prince Edward
In which years were there poor harvests under Henry VIII
1520-21
1527-29
Led to increase in food prices
When was Wolsey’s commission into enclosures
1517
264 prosecutions against landlords
Cromwell’s Enclosure Act
1536
Stopped enclosing
Sensitive areas such as East Anglia left out
Government reluctant to take on powerful landowners
3% land enclosed by 1547
Debasement of coinage
1526 & 1542-43
Added to inflationary pressure
How much did export of cloth raise by under Henry VIII
125%
Between 1510-1550
In which years were there good harvests under Henry VIII
1537-42 & 1546-48
What happened to grain prices under Henry VIII
Doubled
Between 1510-1530
Increased farming income
How did 2 specific towns economically suffer under Henry VIII
1/2 Coventry and 1/3 Yarmouth
Recorded as having no personal wealth
Which 3 areas experienced a boom in cloth trade under Henry VIII
West Yorkshire
East Anglia
Gloucestershire
How many blast furnaces had been produced by the end of Henry VIII’s reign
26
What % of people lived off land and subsistence farming
90%
Act for The Advancement of True Religion
- 1543
- Restricted access of English Bible to upper-class men and noblewomen
Treaty of London
- 1518
- Non-aggression pact between England, France, Spain and HRE
