Elizabeth I Flashcards
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
- 1559
- France would retain Calais for 8 years
- If France failed to return Calais, they would pay £125,000
English intervention in Scotland in support of the Lords of Congregation
- 1559-60
- Cecil sympathized with Protestants and wanted to ensure survival of Protestantism
- Navy sent to the Firth of Forth to stop French landing
What does the English intervention in Scotland, in support of the Lords of Congregation, demonstrate about foreign policy
Demonstrates how foreign policy can be influenced by both religion and the influence of an individual (Cecil)
Treaty of Edinburgh
- 1560
- England and France agreed to withdraw all land and naval forces from Scotland
What was Elizabeths motive for the Treaty of Edinburgh
To replace Auld Alliance with new Anglo-Scottish-French accord
Treaty of Hampton Court
- 1562
- Promised 6000 men and a £30,000 loan to Huguenots
Treaty of Troyes
- 1564
- English and French governments
- Unfavourable due to betrayal by French Huguenots
- Indemnity of Cateau-Cambresis
- France paid 120,000 crowns for Calais
Short term and long term impact of Treaty of Troyes
- Short term: Blow to Elizabeths prestige and she became cautious in supporting Protestant causes in Europe
- Long term: Advantageous as Calais was expensive to maintain
Elizabeth steals from Spanish
- 1568
- Steals 400,000 florins from Spanish vessel on South coast of England
Treaty of Blois
- 1572
- Mutual defence treaty with France
- Both promised to help if other country was attacked
Elizabeth expelling Sea Beggars
- 1572
- Forced to land in Dutch port of Brielle
- Sparked full-scale rebellion against Spanish
St Bartholomew’s Day massacre
- 1572
- Thousands of Huguenots killed in Paris
Trade embargo with Spain lifted
1574
Pacification of Ghent
- 1576
- Spanish troops went on murdering rampage in Antwerp
- Called for expulsion of all foreign troops in Netherlands
- United 17 Dutch provinces against Spanish
Elizabeth first direct intervention with Netherlands
- 1576
- Leicester pushing for intervention
- Sends a loan of £100,000 to Dutch Estates-General
Don John of Austria begins reconquest of Netherlands
- 1577
- Elizabeth demands Philip recalls Don John
- She sends mercenaries to support rebels
Union of Utrecht & Union of Arras
- 1579
- Utrech: Unites 7 Northern Netherland provinces against Spanish rule
- Arras: Unites Southern catholic provinces
Why was the Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras concerning for Elizabeth
- Two seperate entities emerged in Netherlands
- Spanish made peace with Union of Arras
- So Duke of Parma could begin reconquest of Northern Netherlands
Duke of Parma conquers most of Northern Netherlands
1580
Spain annex Portugal
1580
Duke of Anjou and William of Orange killed
- 1584
- Anjou’s death leaves Henry of Navarre (Protestant) heir to French throne
Treaty of Joinville
- 1584
- Phillip II agreed to finance Catholic League in France
- Phillip no longer had motive to prevent him supporting MQS
Treaty of Nonsuch
- 1585
- Elizabeth and Dutch Protestant rebels
- 7000 English soldiers sent to Netherlands
- Militaristic and political disaster
Why did the intervention in the Netherlands after the Treaty of Nonsuch fail
Troops badly and irregularly paid and alienated the Dutch
Leicester ordered home
- 1586
- He resigns his command in 1588
Treaty of Berwick
- 1586
- Elizabeth and James VI
- Mutual defence treaty guarantees James a pension of £4000 per annum
Spanish ships destroyed by Drake
- 1587
- Drake attacked Spanish vessels at Cadiz
- Significantly delayed Armada
Spanish Armada
- 1588
- Defeated by the English Navy off the coast of Gravelines
Madre de Dois
- Captured 1592
- Treasure ship worth £140,000
Expedition to Portgual
- 1589
- Overambitious plan and lack of resources led to failure
Failed plundering expedition in the West Indies
- 1595
- Never reached main target of Panama
- Drake and Hawkins both died
Capture of Cadiz by Hawkins
- 1596
- Shortlived as Cadiz was looted and vacated
Lord Burghley
William Cecil
Earl of Leicester
Robert Dudley
Earl of Essex
Robert Devereux
1st parliament
- 1559
- Restoration of Royal Supremacy
- Initially challenged by Puritan choir who wanted a Calvinist Church
Council disagreement about MQS
- 1562
- Council disagree with Elizabeth over her wish to meet MQS
- She does not go
2nd parliament
- 1563-67
- To grant money
- Commons petitioned Elizabeth to marry and name a successor
- Elizabeth forbid discussion of marriage and succession
Act for Maintaining Tillage
- 1563
- To stop conversion of arable to pasture
- To prevent displacement of rural labour
Act for the Maintainance of the Navy
- 1563
- To expand food supply after a series of good harvests
3rd parliament
- 1571
- Council pushed for execution of MQS after Ridolfi plot
- Duke of Norfolk executed
- Elizabeth refused to execute MQS
Vagabonds Act
- 1572
- To punish vagrants and help the poor
- Penalties introduced against vagrants
- JPs to raise a poor rate for the poor
4th parliament
- 1572-81
- Parliament called for execution of MQS
- Elizabeth refused
- 1576: Commons imprisoned MP Peter Wentworth for infringement of royal perogative
Council divided over military assistance to Netherlands
- 1578
- Leicester and Walsingham urging intervention
- Cecil counselling against it
- Elizabeth intervenes 7 years later
Council discuss marriage to Anjou
- 1579-81
- Leicester and Walsingham create public hostility towards marriage
- Elizabeth threatens to create four new Catholic councillors
- Rejects Alencon as her people are against the marriage
Act to Retain the Queen’s Subjects in their Due Obedience
- 1581
- Treasonable to withdraw allegiance to Queen or Church of England
- Saying ‘mass’ became punishable by heavy fine
Parliament refuse Puritan Bill and Book
- 5th Parliament
- 1584-85
- Refused to hear Peter Turners bill to change prayer book
Northern Rebellion
- 1569
- Leicester involved in plot
- 5700 rebels
- Ordered execution of 700 rebels
- Norfolk executed in 1572
Northern rebellion aims
- 1569
- To secure MQS’ succession to English throne through marriage to Norfolk
- Restore Catholicism - Westmorland resented radical Protestants in key posts in Durham
- Remove Cecil’s influence
Act of Supremacy
- 1559
- Papal supremacy rejected
- Gave legislative authority to crown for issues regarding the church
- ‘Supreme Governor’ - concession to Catholic belief - St Paul’s misogynistic attitudes to women
Act of Uniformity
- 1559
- Specified use of a single Book of Common Prayer
- To restore a single form of worship
Royal Injunctions
- 1559
- Emphasised suppression of catholic practices: pilgrimages
- Parish church’s required to have English Bible
- Implemented Act of Uniformity parish level
Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
- 1563
- To define faith of Elizabethan Church
- Article 17 emphasises importance of predestination, linking to Calvinist doctrine
How many Bishops were deprived of their posts
- 2000 - 1/4 of total
- Refused Oath of Supremacy due to ‘Supreme Governor’
Vestment controversy
- 1566
- Archbishop Parker issued Advertisements - rules on ‘supersitious’ clerical dress
- 37 London clergymen refused and were deprived of posts
Clergy oppostion to Thirty-Nine articles
- 1571
- Clergy deprived of posts for refusing to subscribe to 39 articles and prayer book
Puritan threat from Parliament
- 1571:
- William Strickland proposed bill to reform Book of Common Prayer
- Privy Council prevented him from attending Commons
- 1584:
- Peter Turner proposed Bill for ‘Genevan’ prayer book
- Parliament refused to read bill
How was the Act of Uniformity controversial
- 1559
- Stated ‘ornaments of the Church’ should be those in place before Act of Uniformity in 1549
- Many clergy saw ‘ornaments’ as ‘Popish’ therefore objected the enforcement
