imperial & colonial policy (imperial dev) Flashcards
What did the GOI act of 1858 do?
- EIC lands passed to the queen
- SoS for India created, powers & duties formerly for EIC directors
- Experienced council of 15 members appointed to assistt SoS
- Viceroy appointed to replace gov. general
How long did the Raj exist for?
1858-1948
When was the Queen made the Empress of India? Why was this a little weird?
1st January 1877: symbol of domination, given that she never visited and wasn’t actually present at the ceremony
How large was the Legislative Council of India atp?
5 members
was there high competition for administrative roles? why? how was recruitment flawed?
Good salaries and high standard of living, yes there was a lot of competition. Academic examinations required that disadvantaged those without qualifications so made it all white, in spite of the fact that theoretically anyone could apply.
How many semi-independent Princely states were there circa 1858?
565
When was the Doctrine of Lapse abolished? Why?
1858, to gain favour with the princes
What did the British pay attention to more (culturally) following the mutiny?
Morę attention paid to traditional marital and family customs
How many troops were there stationed in India by the late 80s? Ethnic make-up?
70k GB, 125k Indian
What strategies were employed to neutralise the threat of aggression from the Indian troops?
Mixed in caste and ethnicity in order to prevent unity. Gurkhas and Sikhs rewarded and Bengali’s relieved.
How many Bengali regiments were disbanded following the Rebellion?
62 out of 74
When was the INC formed?
1885, not explicitly anti-colonial, just a place for debate.
When was the colonial office established?
1801
What departments was the Colonial office divided into when?
1854: North America, Australia, West Indies, Africa, and MediterraneanW
What was the colonial office tasked with?
Tasked with demands for territorial acquisitions and ‘orders in council’ to administer without local consultation
Did the colonial office have total control over the colonies?
No, some remained the preserve of the Foreign Office and the India office.
When did Germany unify?
1871
What were the German advantages?
Newly unified, vast natural resources and good European positioning. More industry and merchant ships seen.
When did the German threat become grave?
The end of the century
What was the reason for the threat from France?
Following defeat by Germany in 1871 keen to reassert rightful place, quickly recovers and gets foothold in SE Asia, which leads GB to respond by annexing Malaya.
What was the Russian threat?
Though less industrially advanced, extended to Central Asia and railway development leads to threat to India?
What economic event increased interest of all of the threatening nations in Africa?
The Long Depression
What was the most obvious symbol of British dominance in China?
Robert Hard appointed as head of Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Office WITHIN the Qing Government
What proportion of British imports came from Latin America in the 2nd half of the 19th century?
10%
What did the British invest in in Latin America
Utilities
When did the British apply pressure on American countries to maintain their FTAs? and which countries?
Mexico in ‘61, Peru in ‘57, Chile in ‘63
Other symbol of British dominance
Bases in Hong Kong and Shanghai.
Who organised the Brussels Conference?
King Leopold II of Belgium
When did the Brussels Conference occur
1876
What was the motivation behind the Brussels Conference
King wanted to protect interests in Congo.
What was agreed in the Brussels Conference?
- Africans incapable of developing own resources
- Routes to Great Lakes need development by road/rail
- International African association to coordinate
When was the Berlin Conference?
Nov ‘84 to Feb ‘85
What was agreed in the Berlin Conference?
- All nations permitted to trade in Congo basins
- Imperial regions should be free trade
- Powers should protect indigenines
- Powers should support scientific/religious/charitable work
- Expansion intent should notify all (effective occupation)
