colonial policy and administration (winds of change) Flashcards
When and where was the Winds of Change speech?
Harold Macmillan’s warning in Cape Town SA in February 1960
What did the Wind of Change speech entail?
- Madę it clear that independence would be granted
- Likę it or not, growth of national consciousness
How was decolonisation presented?
As a gift. Administration try to present it as a collaboration w nationalists/ Pace often slow and actions self interested.
What was Churchill’s stance on empire?
‘51-‘55, idea that future prosperity is in Empire and Commonwealth/ Important in reassertion of Britain as a great power.
By 1947, what was Britain fearful of?
Russia’s ambitions in the Middle East/
How many troops did Britain still have in the Suez Canal Zone after the Second World War?
10000
What are examples of British influence was there in the region?
- Has control over Aden and Cyprus and Air force bases in Iraq. Also financed and provided officers for Jordanian army.
What happened in Egypt in 1951?
Following constant skirmishing around the Canal Zone, King Farouk renounced the 196 treaty and proclaims himself King of Sudan.
What happened in Egypt in January 1952?
Farouk is overthrown in a military coup led by Anthony Eden.
What was agreed with Egypt in 1953?
Stages to Egyptian independence
What was agreed with Egypt in 1954?
A phased withdrawal from the Suez Canal Zone over 20 months, subject to rights to reoccupy in times of war.
What was British withdrawal in Egypt demonstrative of?
British inability to defend, and keenness to improve relations/
What did Egyptians promise the British in return for withdrawal?
Free access through the canal.
What was the Baghdad Pact?
Pact between Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, Britain and Persia to repel Soviet threats. Nasser refuses to sign., pressures Jordanian not to as well. Threatens Egyptian dominance.Shows good British constructiveness.
Who did Nasser sign a pact with instead?
Czechoslovakia and an alliance with Syria.
When did Nasser make himself President of Egypt?
1956
When did the West announce that they were withdrawing from funding of his dam?
July 1956
When did Nasser announce the nationalisation of Suez?
16 July 1956. GB owns 44%.
When was it agreed (and under what protocol) that Israel should attack Egypt?
Attack on 29th October (Protocol of Sèvres)
When was it planned that a Franco-British invasion should take place?
31st October
Within how many days did the British announce a ceasefire?
5 days.
Consequences of Suez Canal
- No morę British action in international affairs without approval and consultation with US
- Suggested nationalist movements (if they pushed hard enough) would force British to surrender
- Questioned credibility to plans of holding onto formal colonies in Africa.
- Dispelled idea of managed withdrawal
What showed American willingness to support British foreign policy?
Willing to step in when British support for monarchists fighting communists could no longer be sustained. Led to Truman doctrine.W
When was SEATO formed?
1954
