Colonial Policy and Administration (imperialism challenged) Flashcards
What did the 1935 Government of India Act do?
Create a federation, with the provinces being entirely self-governing?
How were provincial governors appointed in India following the Act of ‘35?
Appointed by Britain, and local government can be suspended in case of emergency
How was the franchise expanded by the GOI 35 Act?
Expanded from 7 million to 35 million
Why did the INC criticise the ‘35 GOI act?
Fell short of dominion autonomy and no indipendence?
Who else was unhappy as a result of the act?
Princely states were unhappy as they didn’t want to be part of a federation, and wanted to maintain independence from the rest.
When was direct control reestablished in India?
Following the wave of mass resignations from Congress-governed states in protest of the war. More repression.
What was the outcome of the Round Table Conferences of 1930 and 31?
- Dominion status for India rejected due to non-white prejudice and strategic and economic importance of India
- Gandhi not able to attend in ‘30, imprisoned after Salt March but represented in Congress Party after
What did the Simon Commission recommend?
- Defence and security should remain in the hands of the Viceroy
- Recommends federation of British areas and Princely state
- Morę provincial power
What was the flaw of the Simon Commission?
No actual Indian representation
What was the result of the GOI Act 1919?
- Viceroy keeps most powers such as defence and foreign affairs, but has to defend actions to a legislative council
How was the Legislative Council of the 1919 GOI act organised?
Split into lower house (104/144 elected) and upper house (34/60). Legislative Assembly and Council of State.
How were provincial councils organised?
Run by elected Indian ministers who take responsibility for local government: health, education, agriculture, seen as a concession to INC.
What was the British attitude towards colonies under indirect rule at this time?
Stress economic and social development to increase economic value, improve living standards and consolidate them.
Example of development project in Sudan
1929: £3 million for Gezira cotton scheme to produce, Major dam-building and irrigation involved
Example of development in East Africa?
1925: £10 million for rail and docks
Example of development in West Africa
Schools and educational investment
What was the expectation for colonies under indirect rule
Expected to be self-funded. Taxes for projects mostly collected from Africans. Exception: Colonial Development Act of 1929 which marks £1 million for imperial development projects.
Why was Kenya given self-governance when?
White settler pressure in 20s?
Who was self-governance in Kenya given to?
White minority of 20-30 thousand people who dominate the legislative council.
Why was the white dominance of Kenya problematic?
Used their influence to exclude Kikuyus and Indians from fertile Northern Highlands. Whites become rich and squeeze out the KKs w high taxes and outlawing growth of commercial products by KKs.ha
What was the result of problematic Kenyan governance?
Nationalism stirred and triggers the ‘Devonshire Declaration’ in 1923 from the Colonial Office, begging them to respect the black Africans.
What did the pushing out of Africans from rural areas do in Kenya?
Forced them to move to the wage-economy lifestyle of Nairobi and Mombasa.
What were the routes to independence for Rhodesia?
V dominant white minority took power and self governance in 1923.
At what point do whites have complete control in South Africa?
1930s, in spite of 1910 pledge to respect the majority.
