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Dermatology > Immunology and biochemistry > Flashcards

Immunology and biochemistry Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the cells called in the keratin layer?

A

corneocytes from keratinocytes

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2
Q

Which proteins are found in the keratin layer?

A

Filaggrin
involucrin
keratin

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3
Q

What activates keratinocytes?

A

UV light and sensitisers like allergic contact dermatitis

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4
Q

What are AMPs?

A

Anti-microbial peptides which kill pathogens directly

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5
Q

True or False.

Keratinocytes produce cytokines and chemokines.

A

True

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6
Q

What is a Langerhans cell?

A

A dendritic cell which are antigen presenting cells

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7
Q

What kind of T cells are found in the epidermis?

A

mainly CD8+ cells

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8
Q

Where are CD4+ cells found?

A

The dermis

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9
Q

What kind of T helper cells are associated with psoriasis?

A

TH1

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10
Q

What cells are Birbeck granules found in?

A

Langerhans cell

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11
Q

What kind of T helper cells are involved in atopic dermatitis?

A

TH2

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12
Q

Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis have which T helper cells in common?

A

TH17

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13
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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15
Q

What is an MHC?

A

major histocompatibility complex

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16
Q

What do CD8+ cells do?

A

Kill infected cells directly and so protect against viruses and cancers

17
Q

What do neutrophils do in the dermis?

A

they are circulating leukocytes attracted to tissue by chemokines

18
Q

What do mast cells do in the dermis?

A

Found in the barrier membranes.

Effectors of IgE mediated allergy.

19
Q

Where are class I MHC’s found?

A

almost all cells and they present antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

20
Q

Where are class II MHCs found?

A

Found on antigen presenting cells and present to T helper cells.

21
Q

Where can psoriasis affect?

A

Skin, nails, joints.

22
Q

What are the trigger factors for psoriasis?

A

mild skin trauma
HIV infection
psychological stress
certain medications e.g. beta blockers or lithium

23
Q

What is the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis?

A

When keratanocytes are under stress they stimulate the dendritic cells to produce interferon alpha.
The dendritic cells activate T cells when they migrate to the lymph node of the skin.

24
Q

What T helper cells are involved in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis?

A

TH1 and TH17

25
Q

What helps attract T cells to the dermis?

A

Chemokines

26
Q

What releases keratanocytes and epidermal growth factors?>

A

Dermal fibroblasts

27
Q

In what group of patients is atopic eczema most common in?

A

Children

28
Q

Is atopic eczema lesional or non-lesional?

A

lesional

29
Q

What causes a decrease in the AMP in skin?

A

A mutation in the fillagrin gene

30
Q

Which cells are found in atopic eczematous lesions?

A

TH2 cells, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, macrophages and mast cells.

31
Q

How are micro-organisms colonised in the skin?

A

Due to the defective skin barrier they can colonise more easily.

32
Q

What immunoglobulin is involved in a type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE

33
Q

Which immune cell is connected to a type I hypersensitivity?

A

the allergen binds to the fixed chain epsilon R1 receptor on the mast cells.

34
Q

Which antibodies are involved in type II and III hypersensitivities?

A

IgG, IgM

35
Q

Give some examples of type II hypersensitivies

A

haemolytic disease of the newborn

blood transfusion recipients

36
Q

What are examples of type IV hypersensitivities?

A

Mediated by TH1 cells.

A contact allergy such as nickel or chromate or certain drugs.

37
Q

What immune cells are found in the epidermis?

A

Langerhans cells

T cells - especially CD8+

38
Q

What immune cells are found in the dermis?

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
CD4+ cells
NK cells

Dermatology (19 decks)

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