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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 lines of Defense?

A
  1. Barrier= Skin, swear, saliva, pH, lysozyme in tears
  2. Non-specific = grans, mast cell, NK cells, C’, Cytokines
  3. Adaptive = B cells, T cells, antibodies (5-6 days)
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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus
B cells mature in BM
T cell mature in Thymus

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3
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen and Lymphoids

Foreign antigens are transported here where mature lymphs wait to encounter antigen

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4
Q

What is Innate immunity?

A

Inborn
Non-adaptive
Non-specific

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5
Q

What cells in the blood are involved in innate immunity?

A 
Monocytes
Macros
Neutrophils
Eos
NK cell
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6
Q

What is cellular defense mechanism in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophil or macrophage attach to bacterial cell wall receptor > ingest vacuoles called phagosome > phagosome fuses with lysosomes = phagolysosomes > bacteria is digested > products released

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7
Q

What cells in the tissues are part of innate immunity?

A 
reticuloendothelial cells = monocytes in tissue
Macrophages in lungs
Kupffer cells in liver
Microglial cells in the brain
Osteoclast in the bone
Histocytes in connective tissue
Mast cells
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8
Q

What the functions of macrophages?

A

“Eating cell” - phagocyte foreign debris/microbes
Release cytokines - activates inflammation
Activate memory cells
APC - presents antigens on MCH II
Activated by pathogen or cytokines released by Tcell
Receptors for Fc, CR1, CR3, IL1, IL4

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9
Q

What are functions of dendritic cell?

A

Most potent phagocytic cell
Professional antigen presenting cell - presents to T cell
DC engulf antigen > migrate to spleen > finds T cell or B cell match
Only dendritic cell can activate naive T cell to induce primary immune response

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10
Q

What the functions of Neutrophils?

A

Primary job is phagocytosis - 1st to site of injury
50% in tissues and 50% peripheral blood
IL-8, IL-1, TNFa cause chemotaxis

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11
Q

Where is TNFa produced?

A

Produced by macrophages = activates inflammation

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12
Q

What is the function of Mast cell?

A

Highly phagocytic
Located in tissues
APC, allergy/hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, inflammation
Self replacing and long life (9-18 months)

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13
Q

What is released in the granules of Mast cells?

A 
15x more histamine than basophil
Cytokines
Serotonin
heparin
PAF
thromboxane
Prostaglandin
Tryptase- potent vasodilator
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14
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A

Release histamine

Allergy and hypersensitivity

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15
Q

How are mast cells and basophils activated?

A

B cells release IgE in response to allergen
Fc portion of TWO IgE binds to the Fc receptor on mast cells
If allergen is present it binds to both FAB sites of IgE and crosslinks them

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16
Q

What is the function of Eosinophil?

A

Degranluate outside of cell and functions to attack foreign substance
Fungi and parasites

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17
Q

What is the function of natural cell (NK) cells?

A

Defend against viral infected cells and tumor cells
Play a role in transplant rejection
Release IFNg and enhances own self
Large granular lymphs

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18
Q

What is the killing mechanism of NK cells?

A

Recognize missing self = low levels of MHC I
1. Pattern recognition receptors bind to pathogen
or
2. Fc receptors bind to Fc antibody (Antibody dep.)
Granules release > perforin punches hole and granzymes enter cell and kill

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19
Q

How does inflammation begin?

A

Macros, mast cells, NK cells, B cells, and dendritic cells
have pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and Disease-associated molecular patterns (DAMP)
Binding causes cytokines release`

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20
Q

What is the function of TNFa?

A

Principle mediator of acute inflammation
Stimulates endothelial cells > diapedesis of neutrophils and activates the coag pathway
Stimulates liver to produce Acute phase reactants

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21
Q

What is function of IL-1?

A

Works with TNFa
Formerly called endogenous pyrogen
stimulates T cells to produce IL-2 (IL-2 self stimulates T cells)

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22
Q

What is function of IL-6?

A

Get ARMY ready
Stimulates the liver to produce acute phase proteins
Activates NK cells
Proliferation of B cells and neutrophil production

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23
Q

What is function of IL-8?

A

Chemotaxis of Neutrophils and T cell activation

Mast cell growth

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24
Q

What is function of INF?

A

Mediates early response against viruses

Enhances NK activity

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25
Q

What is the inflammation process?

A

Cell injury is recognized by macro > cytokines released (histamine) > vasodilation > increased blood flow and capillary preamability > edema > neutrophils migrate >

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26
Q

What are the Acute Phase reaction proteins?

A

Produced by the liver
CRP = oposinization
Complement C3 = oposinization
Haptoglobin, Fibrinogen, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Ceruloplasmin

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27
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Develops after exposure
Antigen specific
Memory of previous exposure

28
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

antibody like T cell receptors have a high affinity for 1 antigen
naive cells must be activated by an APC 1st
Activated T cells that bind antigen proliferate and become effector cells (Helper cells and cytotoxic cells)
Effector cells are only cells that can migrate to site of injury

29
Q

Describe how T cells are selected for survival?

A

TCR that binds self transmits a survival signal

TCR that don’t recognize self or are overactive are removed

30
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Differentiate into effector cells called plasma cells or memory B cells

31
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Part of innate immunity but required for T cell activation
Dendritic cells, Mast cells, macros, and B cells
Engulf invader, digest, present antigen on MHC II to T cells

32
Q

What MHC class do T helper cell recognize?

A

Recognize MHC II on APC

CD4 coreceptor on T cells locks TCR/antigen/MHC II complex in place

33
Q

What MHC class do cytotoxic cell recognize?

A

Recognize MHC I on any cell in body

CD8 coreceptor binds TCR/antigen/MHC I and locks in place

34
Q

What cells are Class I MHC molecules located on?

A

Present on all cell in body

35
Q

What cells are Class II MHC molecules located on?

A

Only on antigen presenting cells

36
Q

Describe the structure of MHC I molecules

A

1 alpha heavy chain with 3 domains (a1, a2, a3)
light beta-2-microglobulin - stabilizing protein
Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 are variable regions
Alpha-3 is constant

37
Q

Describe the structure of MHC II molecules

A

1 alpha chain with 2 domains
1 beta chain with 2 domains
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 are variable regions

38
Q

What is the function of T helper cells?

A

CD4 + cells recognize antigen presented on MHC II

Proliferate and produce cytokines that activate B cell and cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

What is the function of Type 1 T helper cells?

A

Strong inflammatory response
Fights intracellular pathogens
Activates Cytotoxic cells

40
Q

What is the function of Type 2 T helper cells?

A 
Strong antibody response
Activated by B cells
Fights extracellular pathogens
Promotes B cell antibody class switching
Promotes B cell IgE production - Allergic response
41
Q

What is the function of Type 17 T helper cells?

A

Fights extracellular bacteria and fungi at mucosal surface
Part of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions
Inhibit T regulatory cells = Promote auto immune RXN

42
Q

What is the function of Regulatory Cells?

A

Formerly called T suppressor cells
Tolerance of self by down regulating Cytotoxic cells
Prevents autoimmune disease, but in chronic illness, Treg are down regulated so auto immune risk increased

43
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells?

A

CD8 + and recognize antigens on MHC I molecules
Similar to NK cells - Destroy Viral or tumor infected cell
Tc inspect cells and recognized foreign cells
Uses Perforin and granzymes to kill

44
Q

What are the charateristics of B cells?

A

B cells develop in fetal liver and in the BM in adults
Produce antibodies, present antigens, and memory cell
Have b cell receptor, CR1, sIgM and sIgD

45
Q

What is function of sIG?

A

Surface Immunoglobulins are attached to B cells and allows B cell to detect specific antigen
Each B cell has sIgM and sIgD that are specific for a single antigen

46
Q

What is the T cell dependent B cell activation?

A
  1. Antigen binds to sIg on B cell > internalized > presented on MHC II molecule
  2. A T cell is activated 1st. T helper cell binds to MHC II on B cell and releases cytokines
    IL-2 is main cytokine that activates B cells > clonal expansion > plasma cell differentiation
47
Q

What is the cell independent B cell activation?

A
  1. Antigen binds to sIg on B cell
  2. A few types of antigens can directly activate B cell such as bacterial cell components. Antigen binds to pathogen recognition receptor on B cell
    This pathway is not as effective
48
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

No surface immunoglobulins

Just produces antibody of single specifitiy

49
Q

How are B cell selected for survival?

A

B cell receptors are formed through random gene rearrangement. Some will react to self causing auto-immune disease, these cell will signal cell apoptosis
10-20% of B cells will survive

50
Q

What is CD3 found on?

A

All T cells

Related to T cell receptor

51
Q

What is CD4 found on?

A

T helper cells

52
Q

What is CD8 found on?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

53
Q

What is CD19 found on?

A

B cells

54
Q

what is CD34 found on?

A

Stem cells

55
Q

What is CD55?

A

DAF

Carries Cromer blood group antigens

56
Q

What is the E-rosette test?

A

Enumerates T cells

T cells are incubate with sheeps RBC’s and form a rosette pattern with CD2 marker

57
Q

What is ouchterlony testing?

A

Technique used identify antibodies or antigens. When lines cross = non-identity

58
Q

What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency?

A

Failure to develop lymphoid precursor cells = no T, B, or NK cells

59
Q

What is Burtons A-gammaglobulinemia?

A

Pre B cells do not mature

Lack of all Ig subclass

60
Q

What is selective IgA deficient?

A

No serum or sercretory IgA.

Can form anti-IgA

61
Q

What is Thymic hypoplasia?

A

Failure of Thymus and parathyroids to develope

62
Q

What is Nezelofs syndrome?

A

Abnormal thymus - T cell dysfunction

63
Q

Which Cytokine increases NK activity?

A

IFN produced by T cells and NK cells

64
Q

CR is found on what cells?

A

RBC’s, PLT’s, Macros, Neutrophils

65
Q

IL-1 is produced by what cells?

A

Macrophages > stimulates T helper cells

66
Q

What is gene rearrangement?

A

genes combine their varible segments to create a huge number of B cells with specific target for different epitopes

SBB (37 decks)

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