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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 lines of Defense?

A
  1. Barrier= Skin, swear, saliva, pH, lysozyme in tears
  2. Non-specific = grans, mast cell, NK cells, Cā€™, Cytokines
  3. Adaptive = B cells, T cells, antibodies (5-6 days)
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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus
B cells mature in BM
T cell mature in Thymus

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3
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen and Lymphoids

Foreign antigens are transported here where mature lymphs wait to encounter antigen

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4
Q

What is Innate immunity?

A

Inborn
Non-adaptive
Non-specific

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5
Q

What cells in the blood are involved in innate immunity?

A 
Monocytes
Macros
Neutrophils
Eos
NK cell
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6
Q

What is cellular defense mechanism in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophil or macrophage attach to bacterial cell wall receptor > ingest vacuoles called phagosome > phagosome fuses with lysosomes = phagolysosomes > bacteria is digested > products released

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7
Q

What cells in the tissues are part of innate immunity?

A 
reticuloendothelial cells = monocytes in tissue
Macrophages in lungs
Kupffer cells in liver
Microglial cells in the brain
Osteoclast in the bone
Histocytes in connective tissue
Mast cells
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8
Q

What the functions of macrophages?

A

ā€œEating cellā€ - phagocyte foreign debris/microbes
Release cytokines - activates inflammation
Activate memory cells
APC - presents antigens on MCH II
Activated by pathogen or cytokines released by Tcell
Receptors for Fc, CR1, CR3, IL1, IL4

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9
Q

What are functions of dendritic cell?

A

Most potent phagocytic cell
Professional antigen presenting cell - presents to T cell
DC engulf antigen > migrate to spleen > finds T cell or B cell match
Only dendritic cell can activate naive T cell to induce primary immune response

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10
Q

What the functions of Neutrophils?

A

Primary job is phagocytosis - 1st to site of injury
50% in tissues and 50% peripheral blood
IL-8, IL-1, TNFa cause chemotaxis

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11
Q

Where is TNFa produced?

A

Produced by macrophages = activates inflammation

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12
Q

What is the function of Mast cell?

A

Highly phagocytic
Located in tissues
APC, allergy/hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, inflammation
Self replacing and long life (9-18 months)

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13
Q

What is released in the granules of Mast cells?

A 
15x more histamine than basophil
Cytokines
Serotonin
heparin
PAF
thromboxane
Prostaglandin
Tryptase- potent vasodilator
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14
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A

Release histamine

Allergy and hypersensitivity

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15
Q

How are mast cells and basophils activated?

A

B cells release IgE in response to allergen
Fc portion of TWO IgE binds to the Fc receptor on mast cells
If allergen is present it binds to both FAB sites of IgE and crosslinks them

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16
Q

What is the function of Eosinophil?

A

Degranluate outside of cell and functions to attack foreign substance
Fungi and parasites

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17
Q

What is the function of natural cell (NK) cells?

A

Defend against viral infected cells and tumor cells
Play a role in transplant rejection
Release IFNg and enhances own self
Large granular lymphs

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18
Q

What is the killing mechanism of NK cells?

A

Recognize missing self = low levels of MHC I
1. Pattern recognition receptors bind to pathogen
or
2. Fc receptors bind to Fc antibody (Antibody dep.)
Granules release > perforin punches hole and granzymes enter cell and kill

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19
Q

How does inflammation begin?

A

Macros, mast cells, NK cells, B cells, and dendritic cells
have pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and Disease-associated molecular patterns (DAMP)
Binding causes cytokines release`

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20
Q

What is the function of TNFa?

A

Principle mediator of acute inflammation
Stimulates endothelial cells > diapedesis of neutrophils and activates the coag pathway
Stimulates liver to produce Acute phase reactants

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21
Q

What is function of IL-1?

A

Works with TNFa
Formerly called endogenous pyrogen
stimulates T cells to produce IL-2 (IL-2 self stimulates T cells)

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22
Q

What is function of IL-6?

A

Get ARMY ready
Stimulates the liver to produce acute phase proteins
Activates NK cells
Proliferation of B cells and neutrophil production

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23
Q

What is function of IL-8?

A

Chemotaxis of Neutrophils and T cell activation

Mast cell growth

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24
Q

What is function of INF?

A

Mediates early response against viruses

Enhances NK activity

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25
What is the inflammation process?
Cell injury is recognized by macro > cytokines released (histamine) > vasodilation > increased blood flow and capillary preamability > edema > neutrophils migrate >
26
What are the Acute Phase reaction proteins?
Produced by the liver CRP = oposinization Complement C3 = oposinization Haptoglobin, Fibrinogen, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Ceruloplasmin
27
What is adaptive immunity?
Develops after exposure Antigen specific Memory of previous exposure
28
What is the function of T cells?
antibody like T cell receptors have a high affinity for 1 antigen naive cells must be activated by an APC 1st Activated T cells that bind antigen proliferate and become effector cells (Helper cells and cytotoxic cells) Effector cells are only cells that can migrate to site of injury
29
Describe how T cells are selected for survival?
TCR that binds self transmits a survival signal | TCR that don't recognize self or are overactive are removed
30
What is the function of B cells?
Differentiate into effector cells called plasma cells or memory B cells
31
What are antigen presenting cells?
Part of innate immunity but required for T cell activation Dendritic cells, Mast cells, macros, and B cells Engulf invader, digest, present antigen on MHC II to T cells
32
What MHC class do T helper cell recognize?
Recognize MHC II on APC | CD4 coreceptor on T cells locks TCR/antigen/MHC II complex in place
33
What MHC class do cytotoxic cell recognize?
Recognize MHC I on any cell in body | CD8 coreceptor binds TCR/antigen/MHC I and locks in place
34
What cells are Class I MHC molecules located on?
Present on all cell in body
35
What cells are Class II MHC molecules located on?
Only on antigen presenting cells
36
Describe the structure of MHC I molecules
1 alpha heavy chain with 3 domains (a1, a2, a3) light beta-2-microglobulin - stabilizing protein Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 are variable regions Alpha-3 is constant
37
Describe the structure of MHC II molecules
1 alpha chain with 2 domains 1 beta chain with 2 domains Alpha 1 and Beta 1 are variable regions
38
What is the function of T helper cells?
CD4 + cells recognize antigen presented on MHC II | Proliferate and produce cytokines that activate B cell and cytotoxic T cells
39
What is the function of Type 1 T helper cells?
Strong inflammatory response Fights intracellular pathogens Activates Cytotoxic cells
40
What is the function of Type 2 T helper cells?
``` Strong antibody response Activated by B cells Fights extracellular pathogens Promotes B cell antibody class switching Promotes B cell IgE production - Allergic response ```
41
What is the function of Type 17 T helper cells?
Fights extracellular bacteria and fungi at mucosal surface Part of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions Inhibit T regulatory cells = Promote auto immune RXN
42
What is the function of Regulatory Cells?
Formerly called T suppressor cells Tolerance of self by down regulating Cytotoxic cells Prevents autoimmune disease, but in chronic illness, Treg are down regulated so auto immune risk increased
43
What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 + and recognize antigens on MHC I molecules Similar to NK cells - Destroy Viral or tumor infected cell Tc inspect cells and recognized foreign cells Uses Perforin and granzymes to kill
44
What are the charateristics of B cells?
B cells develop in fetal liver and in the BM in adults Produce antibodies, present antigens, and memory cell Have b cell receptor, CR1, sIgM and sIgD
45
What is function of sIG?
Surface Immunoglobulins are attached to B cells and allows B cell to detect specific antigen Each B cell has sIgM and sIgD that are specific for a single antigen
46
What is the T cell dependent B cell activation?
1. Antigen binds to sIg on B cell > internalized > presented on MHC II molecule 2. A T cell is activated 1st. T helper cell binds to MHC II on B cell and releases cytokines IL-2 is main cytokine that activates B cells > clonal expansion > plasma cell differentiation
47
What is the cell independent B cell activation?
1. Antigen binds to sIg on B cell 2. A few types of antigens can directly activate B cell such as bacterial cell components. Antigen binds to pathogen recognition receptor on B cell This pathway is not as effective
48
What is the function of plasma cells?
No surface immunoglobulins | Just produces antibody of single specifitiy
49
How are B cell selected for survival?
B cell receptors are formed through random gene rearrangement. Some will react to self causing auto-immune disease, these cell will signal cell apoptosis 10-20% of B cells will survive
50
What is CD3 found on?
All T cells | Related to T cell receptor
51
What is CD4 found on?
T helper cells
52
What is CD8 found on?
Cytotoxic T cells
53
What is CD19 found on?
B cells
54
what is CD34 found on?
Stem cells
55
What is CD55?
DAF | Carries Cromer blood group antigens
56
What is the E-rosette test?
Enumerates T cells | T cells are incubate with sheeps RBC's and form a rosette pattern with CD2 marker
57
What is ouchterlony testing?
Technique used identify antibodies or antigens. When lines cross = non-identity
58
What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency?
Failure to develop lymphoid precursor cells = no T, B, or NK cells
59
What is Burtons A-gammaglobulinemia?
Pre B cells do not mature | Lack of all Ig subclass
60
What is selective IgA deficient?
No serum or sercretory IgA. | Can form anti-IgA
61
What is Thymic hypoplasia?
Failure of Thymus and parathyroids to develope
62
What is Nezelofs syndrome?
Abnormal thymus - T cell dysfunction
63
Which Cytokine increases NK activity?
IFN produced by T cells and NK cells
64
CR is found on what cells?
RBC's, PLT's, Macros, Neutrophils
65
IL-1 is produced by what cells?
Macrophages > stimulates T helper cells
66
What is gene rearrangement?
genes combine their varible segments to create a huge number of B cells with specific target for different epitopes

SBB (37 decks)

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