Immunology Flashcards
Increased activity of _____cells and ___cells is thought to be responsible for IL-2’s anti cancer effect
T, NK
Where is the complement region located on an immunoglobulin
By the hinge region
For T cells _____ selection occurs in the thymic medulla and is when T cells that bind with high affinity are destroyed
Negative
For T cells, _______ selection occurs in the thymic cortex
Positive
The binding of ____ to its ligand downregulates the immune response against tumor cells by inhibiting _____ T cells. Many cancers evade the immune system by upregulating this
PD-1, cytotoxic
AIDS dementia can be associated with ______ from significant cortical atrophy, which allows the ventricles to expand while maintaining normal pressure
hydrocephalus ex-vacuo
Il-___ induces the production of acute phase reactants
IL-6
-which can lead to high levels of fibrinogen—> inc ESR
HOX gene complex is critical for _______
craniocaudal positioning of the limbs
Acute cellular rejection most often occurs within weeks of transplantation due to sensitization of ____ T lymphocytes against ______ MHC antigens. Typically see mononuclear infiltrate. Prevent with what drugs?
host, donor, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
_____ T cell sensitization against ____ MHC antigens is seen in graft v.s host disease in which the host lacks competent ___ lymphocytes. ______ T lymphocytes attack ______ antigens that are recognized as foreign
Graft, host, T, graft, host
Preformed antibodies against graft ABO antigens cause ________ graft rejection
hyper acute, why we blood match donors
Which three cytokines are critical for maintaining granulomas
IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNFalpha
_____ is a major mediator in septic shock
TNF alpha
4 Factors that increase plasma renin:
low sodium intake, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin 2 blockers
Sjogren’s syndrome has anti____ antibodies
anti-SSA/SSB=antiRo
IL-8 signals what molecules and helps form pus
neutrophils
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is from an absence in _____ which leads to persistent leukocytosis
CD18, recurrent skin and mucosal infections without purulence (makes pus)
_______ is characterized by thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, eczema. It is a defect in?
Wiskot Aldrich, cytoskeleton rearrangement
Deficiency of complement makes you more susceptible to what organisms
neisseria
Cachexia is mediated by what cytokine?
TNF-alpha
Granulomas in TB are mediated by which T cells
CD4+ to activate macrophages
What does Th1 do
Th1secretes INF-gamma, IL-2 to stimulate CD8+ cells
What does Th2 do
Th2 secrets IL-4 (activates IgE), IL5( activates eosinophils)
Chronic granulomatous disease results in a defect in producing ________ which leads to inc risk of infection of _______ positive organisms
NADPH oxidase, catalase
-Staph aureus, Noricardia, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Brukholderia cepacia
What 4 factors stimulate neutrophils
Leukotriene B4, 5-HETE, IL-8, C5a
nasal mucosal ulcerations are a problem in __________. Have antibodies to __________. __ ANCA is positive
wegener’s (granulotomasis with polyangitis), neutrophils, c-ANCA
Someone with aslpenia is at inc risk for encapsulated organisms. Why?
spleen deals with systemic bacteria clearance
Poluysaccaride capsule vaccine provides a ___ cell response and conjugating with a toxoid protein creates and ___ and ___ cell response
capsule: only B cell
conjugated: B and T cell
______ is an essential protein in the activation of IL-2 which promotes the growth and differentiation of T cells. Which two drugs block this
calcineurin
-cyclosporine, tacrolimus
Anaphylaxis leads to release of ____ and _____ cell degranulation and release of _______
mast, basophil, histamine and tryptase (mast cells)
high affinity IgE receptor binding depends on ________
receptor aggregation
Hyperacute rejection of an organ is ______ mediated and is a type ____ HSN reaction
antibody, 2
- preformed IgG antibodies
- anti-ABO and anti-HLA
immediate hypersensitivity =type ___ HSN
1, think IgE and histamine
acute cellular rejection with lymphocytic interstitial infiltrate and endothelitis is ___ cell mediated
T cell
acute cellular rejection with neutrophilic infiltrate and necrotizing vasculitis is ___ cell mediated
B cell
Which cytokine mediates fever
IL-1
Which cytokine stimulates bone marrow
IL-3
What does IL-12 do
differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells and activates NK cells
Il-2 stimulates ____ cells
T cells
Hot-T-bone-stEAK
(1) (2)(3) (4)(5)(6)
graft v host disease can happen in __________ and ________ transplants
bone marrow, liver(organs rich in lymphocytes), skin, GI involvement
_____________ is the most common immunodeficiency and presents with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, GI infections, autoimmune disease, anaphylaxis during blood transfusions
IgA deficiency
interferon alpha and beta are produced by most human cells in response to ________. They help suppress viruses by ________
viral infections, halting protein synthesis in infected cells and promoting apoptosis
________ occurs when host proteins such as immunoglobulins or complement ind to foreign cells such as bacteria and coat the surface, enhancing phagocytosis. What are the two most important opsonins
IgG and C3b
IgA deficiency presents with _______ during blood transfusions
anaphylaxis
IgG has ___ gamma chains and ___ light chains, IgA has _____ alpha chains and _____ light chains, IgM has _____ mu chains and is a pentamer
2 and 2,2 and 4, 2
Differences between sirolimus and cyclosporine and tacrolimus
all inhibit IL-2 h/e sirolimus blocks mTOR and is less nephortoxic
- tacrolimus blocks FK506 and is nephrotoxic
- cyclosporine blocks cyclophillin and is nephrotoxic
Sjorjen’s syndrome presents with _______ gland enlargement . Remember RA can coexist with other autoimmune disease. What antibodies
parotid
-anti SSA(Ro) and SSB (La)
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with anti ______ antibodies
antimicrosomal antibodies
serum sickness is a type _____ hypersensitivity
3 (immune complex deposition)
antibody rich secreting plasma cells are rich in what aspect of the cell
rough ER because this is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins
Drug eluting stents that contain sirolimus reduce __________ because this drug blocks ________
intimal hyperplasia, mTOR (blocks cycle between G1–>S phase)
If lack an IgG response–>
problems with antigen presentation
Within the dendritic cell, what protein must be degraded before the endocytose antigen is loaded onto the MHC molecule
the invariant chain, this in on the dendritic cell when it is in the ER (this prevents it from binding antigenic peptides within the ER)
What inhibits C3 and C5 convertase
decay accelerating factor (DAF)
What two things prevent inappropriate complement activation
DAF and C1 esterase inhibitor
What are 3 complement factors associated with anaphylaxis
C3a,4a,5a
What are two primary opsonins of bacteria?
C3b and IgG
C1 esterase deficiency leads to dec ____ levels in the blood
C4
Goodpastures is a type ____ HSN reaction
2
contact dermatitis is a type ____ HSN reaction
4
erythema multiforme is a type _____ reaction
4
IgG, IgE, IgA, IgE levels is WAS
dec to norm (IgG, IgM), inc IgE and IgA
