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Uworld > Antimicrobials, Fungals, Virals, Etc > Flashcards

Antimicrobials, Fungals, Virals, Etc Flashcards

1
Q

What do penicillins and cephalosporin irreversibly bind to and what is one form of that?

A

Penicillin binding proteins, transpeptidases

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2
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins

A

Change in structural proteins and producing beta lactamases( drug can’t bind at all)

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3
Q

A severe side effects of ganciclovir, esp when combined with zidovudine is _______

A

neutropenia

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4
Q

Primaquine attacks the ______ which prevents ______ _______

A

hyponozoites, disease relapse

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5
Q

IV acyclovir can cause crystalline _______ if adequate hydration is not also provided

A

nephropathy

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6
Q

______ prevent beta lactamase from inhibiting penicillin drugs, which extends their spectrum

A

beta lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam

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7
Q

Ratelgravir is an ______ inhibitor that prevents

A

integrase, production of viral messenger RNA

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8
Q

Immunization of diphtheria leads to which immunoglobulin production

A

IgG

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9
Q

Bordet Gengou is used to culture what bacteria

A

Bordatella pertussis

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10
Q

Loffelers medium and cysteine telluride culture what bacteria

A

Diphtheria

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11
Q

What cells are important to prevent hematogenous spread of Candida vs superficial infection

A

T cells are important to prevent superficial infections

Neutrophils are important to prevent hematogenous spread

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12
Q

Pneumococoal conjugate vaccine is better because allows for both __ and ___ recruitment

A

B and T cell

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13
Q

Isoniazid is metabolized by what process?

A

acetylation (fast or slow can lead to a bimodal distribution of metabolism)
-slow acetylators are at inc risk of adverse effects

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14
Q

If varicella virus is lacking phosphorylating enzymes: use instead

A

cidofovir(needs cellular kinases for activation) or foscarnet (viral DNA polymerase inhibitor)

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15
Q

________ does NOT require intracellular activation by viral or cellular kinases

A

foscarnet

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16
Q

Which anti fungal binds ergosterol in the cell membrane and leads to pore formation and cell lysis

A

amphotericin B, nystatin

17
Q

Which antifungal block beta glucan synthesis (polysaccharide in cell wall)

A

capsofungin= echinocandin

18
Q

Which anti fungal binds microtubules inhibiting mitosis

A

Griseofulivn

19
Q

_______ hypersensitivity reaction occurs with the HLAB*57:01 allele

A

abacavir

20
Q

Gardanella can be treated with what two things

A

metronidazole, clindamycin

21
Q

_____ are a common cause of sudden disorientation and confusion in the elderly

A

UTIs

22
Q

How to prevent Group B strep in Mom

A

intrapartum Penicillin or ampicillin

23
Q

Which anti fungal inhibits erogosterol synthesis

A

conazoles

24
Q

Which antigun gal inhibits squalene oxidase

A

terbinafine

25
Q

Where should we stick a needle for lumbar puncture and why?

A

Between L4-L5 (level of iliac crest) because the spinal cord ends at L2 but subarachnoid space and caudal equina continue until S2 so between L4-5 you can get subarachnoid space without hitting the cord

26
Q

Order of things you pierce with Lumbar puncture

A

skin->ligaments->epidural space->dura->arachnoid, BUT NOT PIERCE THE PIA

27
Q

Antibiotic modifying enzymes (adding acetyl groups, phosphate groups) are a major way to resist which class of drugs

A

aminoglycosides

28
Q

Patients with lepromin skin test will be positive in patients with tuberculoid leprosy as they exhibit a strong _________ T cell mediated response

A

CD4, Th1

29
Q

Patients with lepromatous leprosy will test _____ due to their weak ______ T cell mediated response

A

negative, Th1

-so will see accumulation of acid fast bacilli within macrophages and Th2 response

30
Q

penicillins have a what AA sequence structure

A

D-ala, D-ala

31
Q

mixing a patient’s serum with cardiolipin, cholesterol-lecithin- antigen is for what test

A

VRDL in syphillis for anticardiolipin antibodies

32
Q

Ganciclovir inhibits _______

A

DNA chain elongation (interfere with DNA replication)

33
Q

Compare polio vaccines: inactivated vs oral

A
  • inactivated polio vaccine contains killed virus and can’t revert to a virulent form.
  • oral (Active) polio vaccine can revert to an active virulent form and gives mucosal IgA immunity
34
Q

why is imipenem partnered with cilastatin

A

cilastatian functions to prevent proximal renal tubular brush border hydrolysis of imipenem—> prolonging imipenems antimicrobial effects in the urine

35
Q

why give probenecid with penicillin

A

probenecid blocks organic ion transporters on renal tubular cells to inhibit tubular secretion of certain antibiotics

Uworld (26 decks)

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