Antimicrobials, Fungals, Virals, Etc Flashcards
What do penicillins and cephalosporin irreversibly bind to and what is one form of that?
Penicillin binding proteins, transpeptidases
How do bacteria become resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins
Change in structural proteins and producing beta lactamases( drug can’t bind at all)
A severe side effects of ganciclovir, esp when combined with zidovudine is _______
neutropenia
Primaquine attacks the ______ which prevents ______ _______
hyponozoites, disease relapse
IV acyclovir can cause crystalline _______ if adequate hydration is not also provided
nephropathy
______ prevent beta lactamase from inhibiting penicillin drugs, which extends their spectrum
beta lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam
Ratelgravir is an ______ inhibitor that prevents
integrase, production of viral messenger RNA
Immunization of diphtheria leads to which immunoglobulin production
IgG
Bordet Gengou is used to culture what bacteria
Bordatella pertussis
Loffelers medium and cysteine telluride culture what bacteria
Diphtheria
What cells are important to prevent hematogenous spread of Candida vs superficial infection
T cells are important to prevent superficial infections
Neutrophils are important to prevent hematogenous spread
Pneumococoal conjugate vaccine is better because allows for both __ and ___ recruitment
B and T cell
Isoniazid is metabolized by what process?
acetylation (fast or slow can lead to a bimodal distribution of metabolism)
-slow acetylators are at inc risk of adverse effects
If varicella virus is lacking phosphorylating enzymes: use instead
cidofovir(needs cellular kinases for activation) or foscarnet (viral DNA polymerase inhibitor)
________ does NOT require intracellular activation by viral or cellular kinases
foscarnet
Which anti fungal binds ergosterol in the cell membrane and leads to pore formation and cell lysis
amphotericin B, nystatin
Which antifungal block beta glucan synthesis (polysaccharide in cell wall)
capsofungin= echinocandin
Which anti fungal binds microtubules inhibiting mitosis
Griseofulivn
_______ hypersensitivity reaction occurs with the HLAB*57:01 allele
abacavir
Gardanella can be treated with what two things
metronidazole, clindamycin
_____ are a common cause of sudden disorientation and confusion in the elderly
UTIs
How to prevent Group B strep in Mom
intrapartum Penicillin or ampicillin
Which anti fungal inhibits erogosterol synthesis
conazoles
Which antigun gal inhibits squalene oxidase
terbinafine
Where should we stick a needle for lumbar puncture and why?
Between L4-L5 (level of iliac crest) because the spinal cord ends at L2 but subarachnoid space and caudal equina continue until S2 so between L4-5 you can get subarachnoid space without hitting the cord
Order of things you pierce with Lumbar puncture
skin->ligaments->epidural space->dura->arachnoid, BUT NOT PIERCE THE PIA
Antibiotic modifying enzymes (adding acetyl groups, phosphate groups) are a major way to resist which class of drugs
aminoglycosides
Patients with lepromin skin test will be positive in patients with tuberculoid leprosy as they exhibit a strong _________ T cell mediated response
CD4, Th1
Patients with lepromatous leprosy will test _____ due to their weak ______ T cell mediated response
negative, Th1
-so will see accumulation of acid fast bacilli within macrophages and Th2 response
penicillins have a what AA sequence structure
D-ala, D-ala
mixing a patient’s serum with cardiolipin, cholesterol-lecithin- antigen is for what test
VRDL in syphillis for anticardiolipin antibodies
Ganciclovir inhibits _______
DNA chain elongation (interfere with DNA replication)
Compare polio vaccines: inactivated vs oral
- inactivated polio vaccine contains killed virus and can’t revert to a virulent form.
- oral (Active) polio vaccine can revert to an active virulent form and gives mucosal IgA immunity
why is imipenem partnered with cilastatin
cilastatian functions to prevent proximal renal tubular brush border hydrolysis of imipenem—> prolonging imipenems antimicrobial effects in the urine
why give probenecid with penicillin
probenecid blocks organic ion transporters on renal tubular cells to inhibit tubular secretion of certain antibiotics
