Reproductive Flashcards
What cells secrete Anti-Müllerian hormone? And what does this mean if they are not present
Sertoli cells secrete AMH- so when not present=ambiguous male and female INTERNAL GENITALIA. Also secrete androgen binding protein to INC testosterone production during Spermatogenesis
Tuner syndrome results from what genetic process
Meotic nondisjunction, the loss of one X chromosome results in a missing X chromosome in all of patients cells, have a missing SHOX gene-which promotes long bone growth
What organ do alpha blockers and 5 alpha reductase inhibitors act on in BPH?
THE PROSTATE! 5 alpha reductase inhibitors prevent action of androgens on the gland so it doesn’t get bigger, alpha blockers relax the smooth muscle in the bladder neck and Prostate gland
What is septic abortion and what is a common cause?
Abortion with retained products of conception, commonly from Staph aureus, E. Coli, Group B strep
Fever, abd pain, uterine tenderness, foul smelling discharge
Para-aortic lymph nodes receive drainage from _________
Testis and ovaries
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes receive drainage from ______
Scrotum
Deep inguinal receive draining from ______
Glans Penis and superficial nodes
How does neonatal abstinence syndrome present and how do you treat it
Baby with hypertonia, jittery, diarrhea, sweating, etc. and Give METHADONE for opioid withdrawal (Mom may have hepatitis C, poor mental health, no prenatal care)
Testicular torsion is from twisting of _______ and contains which artery that stems from which artery
Spermatic cord, gonadal artery, abdominal aorta
Patients with irregular periods are at risk of with pregnancy dating
Inaccuracies, important to do US to find gestational age
Increased AFP levels associated with
Neural tube defects, ventral wall defects, multiple gestation
Decreased AFP is associated with
Aneuploides ( trisomy 21, 18)
How does prostate cancer spread to bone
Through vertebral venous plexus which includes prostatic venous plexus ( receives blood from prostate, penis, bladder )
PCOS is a risk factor for which diseases
- T2 DM
- Endometrial carcinoma (from dec progesterone)
What is the only part of the female reproductive tract with simple cuboidal epithelium
ovary
What parts of the female reproductive tract are simple columnar?
fallopian tube, uterus, endocervix
What parts of the female reproductive tract are stratified squamous epithelium
ectocervix, vagina
_______ is characterized by hemosiderin deposits and endometrial glands or stroma outside of the uterus
endometriosis
stress urinary incontinence occurs from _____ abdominal pressure and can be avoided by doing kegel’s that strengthen the ____ ___ muscles
increased, levator ani
vasectomy involves transection of the
vas deferens, patients can still have viable sperm in in ejaculate for up to 3 months after procedure because the procedure has no effect on sperm distal to the ligation
45 year old woman with lower abdominal fullness and ovarian masses with solid and cystic masses
Krukenberg tumor, gastric cancer that has metastasized tot he ovary (see signet ring cells)
Gestational choriocarcinoma can occur after a normal pregnancy and what cells is it composed of? Sx are hemoptysis and vaginal bleeding after delivery
cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts without villi
granulosa cell tumors of the ovary secrete _____ and have call exner bodies which are?
estrogen, cuboidal granulosa cells in a rosette pattern around a pink eosinophilic center with coffee bean nuclei
_______ is a significant cause of erectile dysfunction
psychogenic stressors (anxiety, marital problems)
flutamide is a competitive inhibitor ______ receptors
testosterone, leads to reduction in tumor size
In a hydrocele, fluid builds up in the ________
tunica vaginalis
failure of obliteration of the process vaginalis leads to ________
indirect inguinal hernia
pelvic organs are supplied by the ______ arteries and these arteries are often sutured in postpartum hemorrhage
internal illiac
____________ is a rare and catastrophic pregnancy complication that arises from amniotic fluid entering maternal circulation
amniotic fluid emobolism
The cremaster muscle is an extension of what muscle
internal oblique
dermatomes T4
nipple
dermatome T7
xiphoid process
dermatome T10
belly butTEN
dermatome L1
L1: Inguinal Ligament
In someone with HIV, ______ is the strongest risk factor for having high grade cervical dysplasia
immunosuppression, most immunocompetent people fight of HPV (the strongest predictor of developing cervical cancer)
Accessory nipple are from _____ of involution of the mammary ridge and can occur anywhere along the nipple line. Can present as:
failure, hyper pigmented
tamoxifen is metabolized by _____ system
CYP450
______ can dec gynecomastia in men being treated with a gnRH agonist
tamoxifen (estrogen antagonist)
Consider steroid use in a man complaining of acne late in life and what is an example of one?
methyl testosterone
nutcracker syndrome is from left renal vein being compressed by
superior mesenteric artery
In ________ females have not mensturated and have a shortened vagina but develop secondary sex characteristics
mullerian agenesis
What are three protective factors for ovarian cancer
oral contraceptives, multiparty, breastfeeding
Androgens are converted to estrogens in ______ cells in females. What hormone mediates this?
granulosa , FSH
-granulosa cells have aromatase
LH stimulates the ______ cells to produce androgens
theca interna
Recurrent UTIs and recurrent pregnancy loss suggest defect with what anatomic structure in females
paramesonephric duct–> bicornate or heart shaped uterus
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea can lead to __________ from dec _____ secretion
fragility fractures, GnRH (dec FSH, dec LH–> dec estrogen prod)
Transformation zone is zone of metaplasia and is what two types of cells
squamocolumnar junction
The developing embryo is most susceptible to teratogens from weeks _______
3-8
What comes together to form the roof of the mouth
right and left maxillary processes
cleft lip is from failure of
failed fusion between medial nasal eminence and maxillary process
synthetic androgen that acts as a partial agonist at androgen receptors
danazol
-tx endometriosis, hereditary angioedema
inhibit peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogens (______ inhibitors)
aromatase inhibitors: anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane
What is flutamide used for and what does it do
prostate carcinoma, non steroidal competitive inhibitor at androgen receptors
What does minoxidil treat and whats its MOA?
male pattern baldness, direct arteriolar vasodilator
In men, the _______ is prone to injury with pelvic fractures and it causes urine to leak into the retropubic space and see hematuria, blood at urethral meatus
posterior urethra
-and swelling of abdominal wall)
In men, the ________ is prone to injury from penetrating or blunt trauma. Blood may not be present. Extravasciaton into deep Buck’s fascia
anterior urethra
in females, the urethral folds develop into the _______
labia minora
the genital tubercle develops into the _______ in females and the ________ in males
females: glans clitoris, men: glans penis
Dimpling in breast cancer signals involvement of the _________ ligament
suspensory
vertigo is typically from a problem with what?
inner ear
