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Infectieziekten > Immunologie I > Flashcards

Immunologie I Flashcards

1
Q

Doel antigen-presentatie

A

Adaptieve afweer (geheugen) aanzetten

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2
Q

Mucous membranes (slijmvliezen)

A

Movements prevent microbes from attaching, prevent microbes from colonizing lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

Saliva

A

Contains antibacterial enzymes like lysosome, IgA, histatin

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4
Q

Urine

A

Contains lysosome, acidity inhibits most bacterial growth, flushing action prevents attachment (blaasontsteking)

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5
Q

Transferrins

A

Blood proteins that bind iron and prevent microbes from using it for growth and metabolization

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6
Q

Lysosomes = … definition + found in

A

Enzymen die de celmembraan breken door polysaccharideketens te splitsen (lysis), vooral gevonden in bloed, leukocyten, traanvocht, speeksel

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7
Q

Verhoogde concentratie lysosomes bijv. bij … en …

A

Chronische ontstekingen (tuberculose) en ongeremde celgroei (leukemie)

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8
Q

IgA =

A

Bescherming tegen bacteriën en virussen, subtypen IgA1 en IgA2, vooral aanwezig in speeksel, zweet, tranen en colustrum (moedermelk, immuniteit doorgeven aan baby)

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9
Q

Histatines =

A

Antimicrobiële proteïnen in speeksel, onderdeel van aangeboren immuunsysteem, o.a. hechten van wondjes.

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10
Q

Acroniem voor vijf Ig’s

A

GAMED

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11
Q

Organen van immuunsysteem (2 bloedcirculatie, 3 lymfecirculatie)

A
  • Bloedcirculatie: beenmerg, milt
  • Lymfecirculatie: thymus, lymfeklieren, gespecialiseerde lymfestructuren in o.a. MALT
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12
Q

MALT =

A

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, zit naast longen en onderin buik

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13
Q

Verbinding bloed en lymfesysteem + doel

A

T-cells and B-cells enter the lymph node through the blood supply, migrate via vessels to their site. Bloed wordt door endotheel lymfeklieren in geduwd, lymfevloeistof komt ook weer in het bloed. Doel is pathogenen en immuuncellen samenbrengen.

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14
Q

Blood stem cell (bone marrow) divided into 3 categories

A

Erythoid stem cell, myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell

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15
Q

Lymphoid stem cell divided into 3 categories

A

Natural killer cells, B-cells, T-cells

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16
Q

Cells making up the adaptive immunity

A

B-cells and T-cells (antibodies + effector cells)

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17
Q

Myeloid stem cells divide into 4 categories

A

Dendritic cells, mast cells (precursor), monocytes (macrophages), granulocyten (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

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18
Q

Cells making up innate immunity

A

NK-cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, monocytes (macrophages), granulocyten (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

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19
Q

Mast cells =

A

Type witte bloedcellen dat in gehele lichaamsweefsel zit, rol in homeostase, eerste lijn defensie tegen antigenen

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20
Q

Antigenen =

A

Proteïnen die aan buitenkant van virus/etc-cel zitten, waaraan het lichaam ze kan herkennen

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21
Q

Homeostase =

A

Inwendig milieu wordt constant gehouden door organisme

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22
Q

Chemokines =

A

Kleine proteïnemoleculen die immuuncellen begeleiden naar geïnfecteerde plekken (migratie)

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23
Q

3 voorbeelden chemokines + wat ze aantrekken

A

IL-8 (CXCL8) –> neutrofielen (PMN)
MCP-1 –> macrofagen
RANTES –> T-cellen, NK-cellen, dendritische cellen, monocyten (macrofagen), basofielen, eosinofielen

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24
Q

Systeem infectie-chemokines-neutrofielen

A

Infectie dus neutrofielen moeten erheen –> weten niet waar –> chemokines worden aangemaakt –> cellen plaatsen receptoren om chemokines te binden –> neutrofielen kunnen naar infectie toe

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25
Q

Cytokines =

A

Proteïnen uitgescheiden door immuun- en non-immuuncellen, acteren lokaal, beïnvloeden gedrag immuun- en bloedcellen in omgeving - acteren bij binden van receptoren op doelcellen

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26
Q

Cytokines worden gemaakt door …, die dan …/… worden genoemd

A

Cytokines worden gemaakt door lymfocyten, die dan lymfokines/interleukins (IL) worden genoemd

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27
Q

Cytokines reguleren ook de functies van de immuuncellen (4)

A

Overleving/groei, differentiatie, activatie, onderdrukking

28
Q

3 kenmerken en 3 componenten innate immuunsysteem

A

Kenmerken: eerstelijns defensie, niet-specifiek, snel
Componenten: acute fasen proteïnen, complement systeem, fagocyten

29
Q

Acute phases proteïnes (APPs)

A
  • Proteïnen waarvan concentratie in bloedplasma verhoogt (positive APP) of verlaagt (negative APP) in respons op inflammatie.
  • Koorts, aantrekken immuuncellen
30
Q

Waar worden APP’s gemaakt en waarom?

A

In lever, omdat ergens een infectie is waarbij cytokine IL-6 is gemaakt

31
Q

APPs binden aan structuren gepresenteerd op …, maar afwezig in …

A

Gepresenteerd op pathogeen, maar afwezig in gastheercellen

32
Q

Proces van bacteria - macrophages - Il-6 - APPs

A

Bacteria induce macrophages to produce IL-6, which acts on hepatocytes to induce synthesis of APPs - APPs induce fever and activatie immune cells

33
Q

Complement system =

A

Proteïnen (voornamelijk gesynthetiseerd in lever) die naar bloed worden gestuurd om acties van immuuncellen te complementeren. C1 t/m C9

34
Q

3 biochemische paden voor activatie complement system

A

Classical pathway (via antibodies)
Alternative pathway (directly through pathogens)
Lectin pathway (via Mannose-binded lectin/MBL)

35
Q

Proces van pathogeen tot C1-activatie

A

Pathogens enter body –> antigens are recognized by antibodies –> antibodies bind to antigens –> C1 binds to antibody-antigen-complex –> C1 is activated

36
Q

Classical pathway complement system

A

C1 activation causes C2 and C4 to split in two –> C2a and C4b bind to C4b2a to C3 convertase –> C3 splits into C3a and C3b –>
C3a diffuses to attract phagocytes and induce inflammation
C3b causes C5 to split –> C5b combines with C6, C7, C8, C9 to form membrane attack complex (MAC) –> MAC attaches to pathogen and breaks it down –> water enters cell and it explodes

37
Q

Alternative pathway complement system

A

Skips first steps
C3 activation by binding directly to pathogen –> interaction with factors P, B, D causes C3 to split –>
C3a diffuses to attract phagocytes and induce inflammation
C3b causes C5 to split –> C5a attracts phagocytes, C5b combines with C6, C7, C8, C9 to form membrane attack complex (MAC) –> MAC attaches to pathogen and breaks it down –> water enters cell and it explodes

38
Q

Mannose =

A

Acteert als APP

39
Q

C3a induces …, C3b induces … and …

A

C3a induces inflammation, C3b induces opsonization and cytolysis

40
Q

Cytolysis =

A

Cell bursts and breaks down due to imbalance caused by excessive water income

41
Q

Opsonisatie =

A

Immuunproces waarbij pathogenen worden getagd zodat ze kunnen worden geëlimineerd door bijv, fagocyten of cytolysis.

42
Q

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) =

A

Most abundant innate immune cells in body, act as first defense. PMN-mediated tissue damage at infection sites is very common

43
Q

Proces neutrofielen-infectie-macrofagen

A

Grote reserves neutrofielen (fagocyten) opgeslagen in beenmerg –> vrijgelaten bij infectie –> reizen naar infectie via bloed –> doden bacteriën –> sterven zelf af via apoptose –> gedegradeerd door macrofagen

44
Q

Fagocyten herkennen pathogenen via membraan-gebonden …, zoals (2):

A

Via membraan-gebonden pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), zoals:
- toll-like receptors (TLR-4, TLR-5)
- mannose receptor (MBL)

45
Q

PRR bind to …, namely: (3)

A

PRR bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), namely lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + flagella and mannose

46
Q

TLR-4 and TLR-5 bind specifically to …, TLR-4 mainly to … and TLR-5 mainly to …

A

TLR-4 and TLR-5 bind specifically to bacteria, TLR-4 mainly to LPS and TLR-5 mainly to flagella

47
Q

2 functies van fagocyten

A

Directe lysis van pathogenen (neutrofielen)
Productie van cytokinen en antigen-presentatie (macrofagen en dendrieten)

48
Q

Proces herkenning bacteriën tot synthese cytokines

A

Herkenning bacteriën activeert witte bloedcellen (zoals macrofagen) –> binden bacteriën aan fagocyte-receptoren –> macrofagen induceren afbreking –> binden bacteriën aan signaalreceptoren op macrofagen –> binding verandert genexpressie –> induceert synthese inflammatoire cytokines

49
Q

Proces fagocytose tot antigen-presentatie

A

Tijdens uitscheiding van bacteriële residuen blijven sommige peptide-antigen gebonden op celoppervlak van MHC-moleculen –> MHC/ag-complex wordt herkend door T-cel –> antigen-presentatie

50
Q

Pathogenen zijn in staat fagocytose te ontwijken/inhiberen. 4 manieren hoe en welk pathogeen dit doet

A
  • Productie van leukocidins –> doden fagocyten (S. aureus)
  • Formatie van capsules –> bedekt PAMPs en voorkomt herkenning door PRR fagocyten (S. pneuomniae)
  • Formatie van celwand glycolipiden –> verzamelen toxische oxygen componenten (M. tuberculosis)
  • Secretie van gastheer-achtige signaaltransductie factoren –> bacteriële Ser/Thr proteïne kinase G inhibeert fagosome maturatie en fagosome/lysosome fusie (M. tuberculosis)
51
Q

4 karakteristieken van systemische inflammatie

A

Pijn, zwelling (edema), roodheid (erythema), hitte

52
Q

Septische schok =

A

Ongecontroleerde systemische inflammatie die kan leiden tot ernstige schade en dood

53
Q

Function of dendritic cells (DCs)

A

Connect innate and adaptive immune system –> DCs are antigen-presenting cells that capture, process and present antigens to lymphocytes (T cells) to initiate and regulate the adaptive immune response

54
Q

On sensing microbial products, macrophages secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines (5)

A

IL-6
TNF-alpha
IL-1beta
CXCL8
IL-12

55
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 local and systemic effects

A

Local - none
Systemic - fever, induces APP production by hepacytes

56
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha local and systemic effects

A

Local effects - activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, which leads to increased entry of complement and cells to tissues and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes
Systemic effects - fever, mobilization of metabolites, shock

57
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta local and systemic effects

A

Local effects - activates vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, local tissue destruction, increases access of effector cells
Systemic effects - fever, production of IL-6

58
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokine CXCL8 local and systemic effects

A

Local effects - chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils and basophils to infected site
Systemic effects - none

59
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 local and systemic effects

A

Local effects - activates NK-cells
Systemic effects - none

60
Q

Effector cells =

A

Any type of cell that actively responds to and effects some change, e.g.: effector T cells, plasma cells (B cells), mast cells

61
Q

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) =

A

Intracellular so without antibodies, direct effects of action by cells. Bestaat uit verschillende populaties van T-cellen (cytotoxic/Tc + helper/Th1/Th2/Th17)

62
Q

Cytotoxic T-cellen (Tc) =

A

Vallen direct geïnfecteerde cellen aan

63
Q

T helper cellen (Th1, Th2, Th17) werking

A

Helpen macrofagen en B-cellen om geïnfecteerde cellen te vernietigen en produceren Ig’s

64
Q

Antibody-mediated/humoral cell immunity =

A

Extracellular, effecten afhankelijk van antilichamen/Ig’s.

65
Q

Process of innate to adaptive immune response

A

Pathogens adhere to epithelium –> skin wound allows pathogens to penetrate epithelium –> local infection, innate immunity –> dendritic cells take infection to lymph node and stimulate adaptive immunity –> effector cells and molecules of adaptive immunity travel to infected tissue –> dendritic cells take up pathogen for degradation –> pathogen is taken apart inside the dendritic cell –> pathogen proteins are unfolded and cut into small pieces –> peptides bind to MHC molecules and the complexes go to cell surface –> T-cell receptors bind to peptide/MHC complexes on dendritic cell surface

66
Q

MHC-klasse I: …
MHC-klasse II: …

A

MHC-klasse I: alle nucleaire cellen in lichaam
MHC-klasse II: antigen-presenterende cellen - macrofagen, DCs, B-cellen

67
Q

MHC-moleculen bevatten altijd peptiden (MHC-moleculen zijn nooit leeg):
MHC-I: …
MHC-II: …

A

MHC-!: intracellulair, proteïnenpeptiden uit cytoplasma/cytosol van cel
MHC-II: extracellulair, wat APC heeft opgenomen door fagocytose

Infectieziekten (15 decks)

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