immuno Flashcards
1
Q
Cell that does not present antigens (phagocytes only)
A
Neutrophils
2
Q
Macrophages phagocytes and ____?
A
Present Antigens
3
Q
What are opsonins?
A
Cells that attract neutrophils
4
Q
Mention 3 type of opsonins
A
- IL - 8 (from Macrophages)
- c5a
- igG
5
Q
Eosinophils granules appear ___ in Wright Stain
A
Red
6
Q
Eosinophils are activated by:
A
IgE
7
Q
Eosinophils are stimulated by:
A
IL -5 from Th2
8
Q
Normal % of eosinophils:
A
<5% or <500 eosinophils/microL
9
Q
Increased eosinophil count you think in:
A
Helminth infection / allergic diseases
10
Q
Blue granules in Wright stain are characteristic of what cells?
A
Mast cells and basophils
11
Q
How do you call a mast cell once it goes to the bloodstream?
A
Basophil
12
Q
CD4 cells are activated by
A
APC and MHC class II
13
Q
APCs that activate CD4 cells are:
A
dendritic cells, macrophges, B cells,
14
Q
cd4 subtypes are
A
th1 and th2 cells
15
Q
Th 1 cytokines are
A
IL 2 and IFN γgamma
16
Q
Very powerful T cell growth factor (stimulates growth of CD4, CD8 t -cells. also acts b cells and NKC
A
IL - 2
17
Q
cytokine used for renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma
A
IL 2 (Aldesleukin)
18
Q
what does IFN γgamma activates ?
A
Th1, macrophages, and MHC class I and II expression
19
Q
major Th 2 cytokine
A
IL-4
20
Q
Promotes IgE production
A
IL-4
21
Q
Cytokine that activates Eosinophils (Helminths)
A
IL-5
22
Q
Promotes IgA production
A
IL-5
23
Q
Anti-inflammatory cytokine / Inhibits Th1 production
A
IL-10
24
Q
what does IFN γgamma shut down?
A
Th 2
25
IL 10 and IL 4 shut down:
| Are produced by:
Th 1
| Th2
26
Th1 is important for __ infections; for example:
Intracellular
| Mycobacterium tb and Listeria
27
Crohn's granulomas are ___ mediated
Th 1
28
Ulcerative Colitis lesions are ___ mediated
Th2
29
How deep goes Crohn's dz inflammation?
Transmural
30
How deep goes Ulcerative Colitis inflammation?
Mucosal and Submucosal only
31
Diarrhea is ALWAYS bloody:
Ulcerative Colitis
32
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death w/ no significant inflammation
33
2 pathways for apoptosis are
intrinsic and extrinsic
34
Fas ligand is an example of which apoptosis pathway
Extrinsic
35
adaptive immunity components
T cells, B cells, antigens
36
mechanism of adaptive immunity
V (D) J recombination
37
mechanism of innate immunity
Germ line encoded
38
Microbial resistance does not occur in this type of immunity
Adaptive immunity
39
Hassal corpuscle. location and content
thymus medulla.
| contains reticular cells and mature T cells
40
Sail sign
thymus in CXR
41
Name the B cell activation pathways
1. T cell-dependent (proteins)
| 2. T cell-independent (non-proteins)
42
Signals required for T cell dependent activation (of B cells) pathway:
1. Cross-linking of receptors bound to antigen
| 2. T cell binding.
43
explain T cell binding (2nd signal to activate B cells in the T- cell dependent pathway
B cells present antigen to T cells via MHC class II
44
Activated B cells initially produce
IgM
| and small amount of IgD
45
Tiggers for Antibodies class switching:
cytokines IL4, IL 5 and Th2
| T cell binding CD40
46
most abundant antibody in a new born (can cross placenta)
IgG
47
Most abundant antibody in plasma
IgG
48
Which antibody last longer (several weeks)
IgG
49
Which antibodies are the best opsonins
IgG1 and IgG3
50
After activation, B cells have 2 possible fates:
1. plasma cell to make Antibodies
| 2. Memory B cells
51
What type of vaccine is MMR?
Live Attenuated
52
Examples of Killed vaccines
```
RIP Always
Rabies
Influenza
Polio (Salk)
Hep A
```
53
Examples of Subunit Vaccines
```
HBV
HPV
Acellular pertussis
Neisseria meningitidis
Strep
Haem typ B
```
54
Hyper IgM syndrome type of Inheritance
X linked R
55
Children with Hyper IgM syndrome suffer from _______ resp infection
Pneumocystis jirovecii
56
Which gene defect gives rise to Hyper IgM syndrome
Gene encoding for CD40 ligand
57
Which signal is defective in Hyper IgM syndrome?
B cell response to T-dependent antigen
58
All complement activation involves:
C3 → C3b
59
Alternative pathway of complement needs C3b to bind to:
amino and hydroxil groups (commonly found on surface of pathogens)
60
The Alternative and Lectin pathways of the complement are both examples of which type of Immunity?
Innate immunity.
61
Major way to protect organism against encapsulated bacteria is:
The Complement system
62
What is the pathogenesis of Hereditary Angioedema
Lack of C1 inhibitor
63
Diagnosis of Hereditary Angioedema:
Low C4 level
64
Never give ___ to a pt with Hereditary Angioedema
ACE inhibitors
65
This is an Anaphilatoxin and also facilitates the chemotaxis of neutrophils:
C5a
66
What bacteria are particularly targeted by the MAC?
Neisseria
67
Endotoxin fragments of gram neg cell walls triggers which complement pathway?
The Alternative Pathway
68
What gene is defective in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria?
PIGA gene
69
where are peyer's patches more common
terminal ileum
70
Classical marker found in T Regulatory Cells
All express CD25
71
what type of Cytokines do T Reg cells produce??
Anti inflammatory Cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β
72
Activation of B cells via the T cell independent pathway is specially important for what type of organisms?
For non-protein antigens
| like polysaccharides capsules of bacteria and LPS
73
This B cell activation pathway has no memory, is weaker and is mostly IgM
T cell independent pathway
74
Conjugated vaccines are
Hib
Neisseria meningitidis
Strep pneumo
75
Which Immunoglobulins can activate the Complement , classic pathway?
IgG and IgM
76
Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies/Antitoxins are examples of Passive or Active immunity?
Passive
77
IgA en breast milk and IgG crossing placenta are examples of Passive or Active immunity?
Passive
78
Name 3 examples of Active Immunity
1. Vaccines
2. Natural Infection
3. Toxoid
79
Name 2 Toxoids
Diphtheria
| Tetanus
80
Antibodies that bind to C1 in complement Classical pathway
IgM IgG
81
Name the primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
82
Follicular dendritic cells location:
Follicles of a Lymph node Cortex
83
What is the main immune action of the Follicles in the Lymph nodes?
B cell Activation
84
Here happens B cell growth and differentiation, class switching.
Secondary follicles of lymph nodes. "germinal center"
85
This part of the lymph node becomes engorged in immune response (swollen nodes)
Paracortex
86
Medulla of the lymph node is composed of _
| What cells do you find in these structures?
Sinus and Cords.
cords... plasma cells secreting Antibodies
Sinus.. macrophages (filters lymph)
87
Spleen is a primary or secondary lymphoid organ?
Secondary
88
Spleen filters blood or lymph?
Blood
89
After blood enters the Spleen via Splenic Artery, what zones goes through before going out via Splenic vein?
1. White pulp
| 2. Red pulp
90
White pulp important structures are
1. Follicles (B cells)
2. PALS Periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (T cells)
3. Marginal zones (macrophages, remove debris, dendritic cells process antigen)
91
Where are the Sinusoids in the Spleen?
Red pulp
92
Sinusoids basement membrane is also called
Barrel hood membrane basement.
93
Predominant pathogen of sepsis in Splenic Dysfunction
Strep pneumo
94
Name the functional states of macrophages and their function:
M1 respond to bacteria and inhibit cancer growth
| M2 support angiogenesis, suppress immunity, and promote cancer growth.
95
FoxP3 is unique to ___ T cells.
Regulatory
96
Activated T cells and Reg T cells express
CD25+
97
All T cells express
CD3
98
Gamma delta T cell are mostly found in
gut mucosa
99
What type of lymphocytes search and produce antibodies to recognize polysaccharides found on bacteria?
B-1
100
Syncitial cells are often found in
Granulomas
101
____are short-lived cells in the circulation but will take longer term residence in draining lymph nodes and will direct inflammatory responses.
Basophils
102
Which Cytokine stimulates hepatocytes to secrete acute phase proteins
IL-6
103
Mature dendritic cells have high expression levels of both ___ and ____
MHC Class II and CD80/88.
104
NK surface markers
CD16, 56
105
Anergic B cells express high levels of ____ rendering them inactive
IgD
106
Which Interleukin promotes class-switching of B cells from IgM to IgE and IgG?
Interleukin (IL)-4
107
```
This type of graft is transplanted between genetically
identical individuals (monozygotic twins).
```
Isografts (or syngeneic grafts
108
These grafts are those transplanted between genetically different members of the same species
Allogeneic (kidney transplant).
109
These grafts are those transplanted between members of different species
Xenogeneic (pig heart valves into human)
110
Hyperacute graft rejection is an example of Hypersensitivity type ___?
II
111
Chronic Graft Rejection. Main cells that are responsible?
T cells
112
Which areas are drained into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes?
Anal canal, skin below umbilicus, scrotum, vulva
113
Which areas are drained into the superficial internal iliac lymph nodes?
Lower rectum to anal canal, bladder, vagina, cervix, prostate.
114
Which areas are drained into the paraAortic lymph nodes?
Testes, Ovaries, kidneys, uterus
115
The cytokine most strongly associated with stimulation
| of production of lymphoid cells from the bone marrow is
IL-7
116
Is the cytokine that is most strongly associated with stimulation of myeloid cell precursors in the bone marrow.
IL-3
117
best markers to identify B lymphocytes are
CD19, CD20, and CD21
118
This MHC has β2 microglobulin, It is designed to bind endogenously produced peptides It possesses two chains of unequal length
Class I MHC molecule
119
It should be present on all nucleated cells in the body
Class I MHC molecule
120
Only Cell-mediated type of HS?
type IV HS
121
Transplant rejection (not hyperacute) and Contact dermatitis (poison ivy) usually are HS type __?
Type IV HS
122
PPD is
Delayed type HS type IV
123
penicillin - induced hemolytic anemia is an example of HS type ___
type II HS
124
These are are IL-2 receptor antibodies that reduce inflammatory autoimmune effects.
Daclizumab and basiliximab
125
The mechanism of NK Fc receptor-mediated destruction is called:
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. ADCC
126
Reg T cell markers are
CD4, CD25
127
IL-1 is also known as
Osteoclast- activation factor
128
promotes cachexia and malignancy
TNF alpha
129
role of TNF alpha in TB is
TNF alpha mantains granulomas
130
function of IL-3?
Growth & differentiation of stem cells in the bone marrow; functions similar to GM-CSF
131
inactivated vaccines only induce _____immunity
humoral
132
Filgastrim and Sargramostim are both ____
| Clinical use is for ____
CSF
| Leukopenia
133
Romiplostin is a
TPO analogue
134
Eltrombopag mechanism of action
TPO receptor agonist
135
Which bone marrow stimulants are used in Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
Thrombopoietin analogue Romiplostin
| and TPO agonist Eltrombopag
136
CD34 is expressed on
pluripotent stem cells.
CD34+ cells include those from the umbilical cord /bone marrow, endothelial progenitors of the blood vessels, mast cells, and certain dendritic cells. In the hematopoietic lineage, CD34+ stem cells can be stimulated to differentiate into erythroblasts and myeloblasts using G-CSF.
137
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are CD34+ and
CD38-,
