embryo

Question 1

Neural tube defect which involve herniation of the meninges and spinal cord:

Answer 1

meningomyelocele

Question 2

Bilious vomiting in an infant should be considered diagnostic of:

Answer 2

midgut malrotation with volvulus until proven otherwise.

Question 3

The first branchial arch generates :

Answer 3

M “MUSCLES”
Mastication muscles: (teMporalis, Masseter, Medial and lateral pterygoids)
and the Mylohyoid, as well as the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani

Question 4

The muscles that elevate the palate and the pharynx are derived from branchial archs:

Answer 4

branchial arch 1 (tensor veli palatini), branchial arch 3 (the stylopharyngeus), and branchial arch 4 (levator veli palatini).

Question 5

Branchial arch 2 gives rise to:

Answer 5

“S” MUSCLES

Stapedius, Stylohyoid, and facial expression muscles.

Question 6

The first branchial cleft gives rise to

Answer 6

the external auditory meatus, and the second, third, and fourth clefts are obliterated during development

Question 7

the _____, _____, and _____ clefts are obliterated during development

Answer 7

the second, third, and fourth clefts

Question 8

The clefts are formed from ___________

Answer 8

from ectoderm and could not give rise to muscles, which are derived from mesoderm.

Question 9

fourth branchial pouch gives rise to the

Answer 9

superior parathyroids

Question 10

Clefts, Arches, and Pouches give rise to

Answer 10

ectoderm, mesoderm(+ neural crest), and endoderm, respectively.

Question 11

Pierre Robin sequence

Answer 11

micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, airway obstruction

Question 12

Treacher Collins syndrome

Answer 12

neural crest dysfunction mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

Question 13

Examples of first arch syndromes include

Answer 13

Treacher Collins syndrome and Pierre Robin syndrome.

Question 14

Atrial septal defects (ASDs) usually arise from defects in the____

Answer 14

septum secundum

Question 15

ASDs associated with Down syndrome arise from defects in the ____

Answer 15

septum primum

Question 16

How does ASDs present in PE?

Answer 16

allow left-to-right shunting of blood during diastole, increasing pulmonary pressures, and present with fixed, wide splitting of S2

Question 17

Egg-on-a-string sign, also referred to as egg on its side, refers to the cardiomediastinal silhouette seen in :

Answer 17

transposition of the great arteries (TGA). (CXR)

Question 18

A defect in the process vaginalis is the etiology of:

Answer 18

of an indirect hernia,

Question 19

In gastroschisis, the abdominal content is not covered with peritoneum and is typically located on:

Answer 19

to the right of the umbilicus.

Question 20

The diaphragm derives from four fetal structures:

Answer 20

the Septum transversum, the Pleuroperitoneal folds, the Body wall, and the Dorsal mesentery of the esophagus. This can be remembered by the mnemonic “Several Parts Build Diaphragm.”

Question 21

Primary spermatocytes are #chromosomes ( _N, _C )

Answer 21

46 (2N, 4C) Diploid

Question 22

2ry spermatocytes are #chromosomes ( _N, _C )

Answer 22

46 (1N, 2C) Haploid

Question 23

Spermatide is #chromosomes ( _N, _C )

Answer 23

23 (1N, 1C) Haploid

Question 24

dIGEORGE syndrome and Velocardial syndrome differ in

Answer 24

that Digeorge has parathyroid defects. Velocardial syndrome only palate, facial, and cardiac defects.

Question 25

Failure of the medial nasal processes to fuse results in

Answer 25

cleft lip.

Question 26

when the lateral palatine processes or the median palatine processes fail to fuse with the nasal septum _____ Results

Answer 26

Cleft palate.

Question 27

______is the most common fetal neoplasm and is usually benign.

Answer 27

A teratoma

Question 28

_____________are the most common extragonadal germ cell tumors in infants and children.

Answer 28

Sacrococcygeal teratomas

Question 29

in 2% of the population the ______ persists and is called Meckel diverticulum.

Answer 29

Vitelline duct

Question 30

At least 95% of males with cystic fibrosis are infertile as a result of the improper development of

Answer 30

the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct system, which most often leads to a defective vas deferens.

Question 31

In 1st Trimester how will you expect

β-hCG and PAPP-A for trisomy 21, 18 and 13?

Answer 31

21: β-hCG ↑, PAPP-A↓
18: β-hCG ↓, PAPP-A↓
13: β-hCG ↓, PAPP-A↓

Question 32

2nd trimester in trisomy 21 you will expect 
AFP
β-hCG 
Estriol
Inhibin A

Answer 32

AFP ↓
β-hCG ↑
Estriol ↓
Inhibin A ↑

Question 33

pattern of fusion failure that is the most common type of cleft lip.

Answer 33

maxillary and medial nasal prominences.

Question 34

At what stage of meiosis will the oocyte be arrested, assuming it is not fertilized?

Answer 34

metaphase II

Question 35

at week 4, ?? cells arrive to the indifferent gonad an remain dormant until puberty?

Answer 35

primordial germ cells

Question 36

When a boy reaches puberty,, primordial germ cells differentiate into:

Answer 36

type A spermatogonia (stem cells through adult life)

Question 37

some type A spermatogonia differentiate into ???

and then what happens

Answer 37

type B spermatogonia. type B spermatogonia enters enters meiosis I to form primary spematocytes. 2 2ry spermatocytes
2ry spermatocytes enter meiosis II to form 2 spermatids which undergo spermiogenesis.

Question 38

explain oogenesis

Answer 38

week 4: oogonias in the indifferent gonad.
oogonias enter meiosis I to form primary oocytes.
all primary oocytes are formed by the 5th month of fetal life. arrested in prophase of meiosis I.

Question 39

what happens with the primary oocytes when a girl reaches puberty ?

Answer 39

each month one becomes unarrested and completes meiosis I to form a Secondary oocyte &polar body. Secondary oocyte becomes arrested in meiosis II at metaphase and is ovulated.

Question 40

where does hematopoiesis starts to occur early in life?

Answer 40

initially in the mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac. (6 weeks)
later in fetal liver, spleen, thymus(6 w to 3rd trim) then bone marrow.

Question 41

32 cell stage in known as

Answer 41

morula (made of blastomeres)

Question 42

what happens to the morula as fluid develops?

Answer 42

blastocyst.

Question 43

blastocyst is composed by which 2 cells masses?

Answer 43

inner: embryoblast
outer: trophoblast

Question 44

body wall defect? gastroschisis / omphalocele/

Answer 44

gastroschisis

Question 45

extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds…?

Answer 45

gastroschisis (R to the umb)

Question 46

fertilization occures mc in

Answer 46

ampulla of uterine tube

Question 47

implantation occurs mc in

Answer 47

post wall of uterus

Question 48

in ectopic pregnancy, implantation occurr mc in

Answer 48

ampulla of the tube (longest part of the tube)