Immunity

Question 1

Cell Mediated Immunity?

Answer 1

t lymphocytes respond to cells that have been changed.

Question 2

process of cell mediated Immunity?

Answer 2

1. macrophages engulf and digest pathogen in phagocytosis, processing pathogens antigens forming APCs,
2. some t helper cells fit the antigens, they become activated and stimulate interleukins, stimulating t cells to divide by mitosis, form identical to helper cell clones that carry the right antigen to bind.
   clones t cells : develop memory cells or produce interleukins or stimulate b cells

Question 3

humor immunity?

Answer 3

respond to antigens found outside the cells, produce antibodies that are soluble in blood and tissue fluid and aren’t attached to cells.

Question 4

humor immunity part 1?

Answer 4

1. t helper cells bind to b cells (colonial section).
2. interleukins produced by activated t helper cell that activate b cells.
3. b cells divide by mitosis giving clones of plasma cells and b memory cells(colonial expansion)

Question 5

humoral immunity part 2?

Answer 5

clones plasma cells produce antibodies, bind to the antigen and disable them, acting as a opsonin or agglutinin.

Question 6

natural immunity?

Answer 6

antibodies are formed that fit particular antigens and then destroy pathogens.primary response.

secondary response - t and b memory cells produced so the body can quickly react to pathogen again if reinfected

Question 7

passive natural immunity?

Answer 7

baby supplies with colostrum from mother through milk containing antibodies to protect it from disease until it can protect itself

Question 8

artificial immunity - passive?

Answer 8

injection that are temporary so protect for a limited amount of tims

Question 9

active immunity?

Answer 9

immune system stimulates to create its own antibodies

Question 10

process of active artificial immunity?

Answer 10

1. pathogen is made safe so antigens are intact but no risk of infection.
2. small amounts of safe antigen injected into the blood.
3. primary response triggered by foreign antigens, body makes antibodies and memory cells.
4. secondary response active if pathogen is recognised again.

Question 11

plant physical defense? part 1

Answer 11

callose is synthesised and deposited between the Cell wall and cell membrane next to infected cells acting as barriers.
large amounts of callose are deposited at the wall, lignin is added making a mechanical barrier.

Question 12

plant physical defense?part 2

Answer 12

callose blocks sieve plates in the phloem, sealing off infected parts and stopping spread of pathogens.
callose is deposited in the plasmodesmata between infected Cells and neighbours.sealing them off from the healthy