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Child and Family > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of immunisation?

A

Control of communicable disease
Prevent onset of disease
Interrupt transmission
Alter course of infection

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2
Q

Who gets immunisations?

A 
Children
Older people
Travellers
Occupational vaccines
High risk groups
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3
Q

What do vaccines teach the immune system?

A

To recognise bacteria and viruses before the individual encounters them as potential pathogens so allowing the body to fight against the pathogen

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of immunity

A

Active immunity
Passive immunity
Herd immunity

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5
Q

What does passive immunity involve the transfer of?

A

Pre-formed antibodies (Igs)

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6
Q

What 2 methods of passive transfer are there?

A

Mother to unborn baby

From another person or animal

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7
Q

How does a mother pass on antibodies to her unborn child?

A

The placenta

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8
Q

How may someone get pre-formed antibodies from another person?

A

Blood donor

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9
Q

What does human normal Ig fight against?

A

Hep B
Rabies
Varicella Zoster

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10
Q

What may anti-toxin fight against?

A

Specific Ig

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11
Q

What are 5 advantages to passive immunity?

A 
Rapid action
Post-exposure
Can attenuate illness
Outbreak control
Can be used if contraindication to active vaccine
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages to passive immunity?

A 
Short-term protection
Short time window
Blood derived
Hypersensitivity
Expensive
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13
Q

What are antigens?

A

Parts of bacteria and viruses which are recognised by the immune system

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14
Q

What are antigens usually made of?

A

Proteins

Polysaccharides

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15
Q

What combats antigens?

A

Antigen production

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16
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins which bind to antigens

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17
Q

What does the antibody-antigen complex alert?

A

Immune cells

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18
Q

What are B cells involved in?

A

Humoral immune response

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19
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In the bone marrow

20
Q

What do B cells produced when foreign antigen is encountered?

A

Antibodies

21
Q

What immune system are T cells part of?

A

Cell mediated immune response

22
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Orchestrate response of immune system by binding to other cells and sending out signals

23
Q

What do vaccines induce?

A

Cell mediated immunity responses and serum antibodies

24
Q

What are 2 types of vaccines?

A

Live virus

Inactivated virus

25
Q

What is a live virus and where does it replicate?

A

Attenuated organism

Replicates in host

26
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A

Suspension of killed organisms

27
Q

What are 2 types of inactivated vaccines?

A

Subunit

Conjugate

28
Q

What are subunit vaccines used for/

A

Toxoids

29
Q

What are conjugate vaccines used for?

A

Polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins

30
Q

What are 5 contraindications to vaccinations?

A 
ANaphylaxis to previous vaccine
Live - Immunosuppression/Pregnancy
Egg allergy
Severe Latex allergy
Acute or evolving illness
31
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Population protection

32
Q

What is the purpose of Herd immunity?

A

Protect unvaccinated individuals through having sufficiently large proportion of the population vaccinated

33
Q

What does herd immunity require?

A

That there is no other reservoir for infection

34
Q

What is the purpose of routine vaccinations?

A

Early protection against infections

Continued protection

35
Q

Why should the immunisation schedule be followed as closely as possible?

A

Recommended age of vaccine is age-specific for the risk of disease

36
Q

Should interupted courses be resumed or restarted?

A

Resumed

37
Q

Give some examples of routine childhood vaccines?

A 
Hexavelent
MENB
Rotaviruus
PCV13
Hib/MENC
MMR
Influenza
MEN A,C,W,Y
HPV
38
Q

What 6 things are covered in hexavelent?

A 
Diptheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Hib
Hep B
39
Q

What is diptheria?

A

URTI with:
White sore throat
Low grade fever
White membrane on tonsils, pharynx and/or nasal cavity

40
Q

What type of bacteria is Diptheria?

A

Aerobic gram +ve bacteria

41
Q

What causes meningococcal disease?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

42
Q

What 3 things can NM cause?

A

Meningitis
Septicaemia
Meningitis+Septicaemia

43
Q

What persistent neurological defects do 10-15% of NM survivors have?

A

Hearing loss
Speech disorders
Loss of limbs
paralysis

44
Q

How does meningococcal disease spread?

A

Person-person contact

45
Q

What is the incubation period for meningococcal disease?

A

3-5 days

46
Q

Where does NM colonise most commonly?

A

Nasopharynx

47
Q

What are the two peaks of NM infection?

A

<5

15-24

Child and Family (13 decks)

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