Immunisation

Question 1

What are the aims of immunisation?

Answer 1

Control of communicable disease
Prevent onset of disease
Interrupt transmission
Alter course of infection

Question 2

Who gets immunisations?

Answer 2

Children
Older people
Travellers
Occupational vaccines
High risk groups

Question 3

What do vaccines teach the immune system?

Answer 3

To recognise bacteria and viruses before the individual encounters them as potential pathogens so allowing the body to fight against the pathogen

Question 4

What are the 3 types of immunity

Answer 4

Active immunity
Passive immunity
Herd immunity

Question 5

What does passive immunity involve the transfer of?

Answer 5

Pre-formed antibodies (Igs)

Question 6

What 2 methods of passive transfer are there?

Answer 6

Mother to unborn baby

From another person or animal

Question 7

How does a mother pass on antibodies to her unborn child?

Answer 7

The placenta

Question 8

How may someone get pre-formed antibodies from another person?

Answer 8

Blood donor

Question 9

What does human normal Ig fight against?

Answer 9

Hep B
Rabies
Varicella Zoster

Question 10

What may anti-toxin fight against?

Answer 10

Specific Ig

Question 11

What are 5 advantages to passive immunity?

Answer 11

Rapid action
Post-exposure
Can attenuate illness
Outbreak control
Can be used if contraindication to active vaccine

Question 12

What are the disadvantages to passive immunity?

Answer 12

Short-term protection
Short time window
Blood derived
Hypersensitivity
Expensive

Question 13

What are antigens?

Answer 13

Parts of bacteria and viruses which are recognised by the immune system

Question 14

What are antigens usually made of?

Answer 14

Proteins

Polysaccharides

Question 15

What combats antigens?

Answer 15

Antigen production

Question 16

What are antibodies?

Answer 16

Proteins which bind to antigens

Question 17

What does the antibody-antigen complex alert?

Answer 17

Immune cells

Question 18

What are B cells involved in?

Answer 18

Humoral immune response

Question 19

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 19

In the bone marrow

Question 20

What do B cells produced when foreign antigen is encountered?

Answer 20

Antibodies

Question 21

What immune system are T cells part of?

Answer 21

Cell mediated immune response

Question 22

What do T cells do?

Answer 22

Orchestrate response of immune system by binding to other cells and sending out signals

Question 23

What do vaccines induce?

Answer 23

Cell mediated immunity responses and serum antibodies

Question 24

What are 2 types of vaccines?

Answer 24

Live virus

Inactivated virus

Question 25

What is a live virus and where does it replicate?

Answer 25

Attenuated organism | Replicates in host

Question 26

What is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 26

Suspension of killed organisms

Question 27

What are 2 types of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 27

Subunit | Conjugate

Question 28

What are subunit vaccines used for/

Answer 28

Toxoids

Question 29

What are conjugate vaccines used for?

Answer 29

Polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins

Question 30

What are 5 contraindications to vaccinations?

Answer 30

``` ANaphylaxis to previous vaccine Live - Immunosuppression/Pregnancy Egg allergy Severe Latex allergy Acute or evolving illness ```

Question 31

What is herd immunity?

Answer 31

Population protection

Question 32

What is the purpose of Herd immunity?

Answer 32

Protect unvaccinated individuals through having sufficiently large proportion of the population vaccinated

Question 33

What does herd immunity require?

Answer 33

That there is no other reservoir for infection

Question 34

What is the purpose of routine vaccinations?

Answer 34

Early protection against infections | Continued protection

Question 35

Why should the immunisation schedule be followed as closely as possible?

Answer 35

Recommended age of vaccine is age-specific for the risk of disease

Question 36

Should interupted courses be resumed or restarted?

Answer 36

Resumed

Question 37

Give some examples of routine childhood vaccines?

Answer 37

``` Hexavelent MENB Rotaviruus PCV13 Hib/MENC MMR Influenza MEN A,C,W,Y HPV ```

Question 38

What 6 things are covered in hexavelent?

Answer 38

``` Diptheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Hib Hep B ```

Question 39

What is diptheria?

Answer 39

URTI with: White sore throat Low grade fever White membrane on tonsils, pharynx and/or nasal cavity

Question 40

What type of bacteria is Diptheria?

Answer 40

Aerobic gram +ve bacteria

Question 41

What causes meningococcal disease?

Answer 41

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 42

What 3 things can NM cause?

Answer 42

Meningitis Septicaemia Meningitis+Septicaemia

Question 43

What persistent neurological defects do 10-15% of NM survivors have?

Answer 43

Hearing loss Speech disorders Loss of limbs paralysis

Question 44

How does meningococcal disease spread?

Answer 44

Person-person contact

Question 45

What is the incubation period for meningococcal disease?

Answer 45

3-5 days

Question 46

Where does NM colonise most commonly?

Answer 46

Nasopharynx

Question 47

What are the two peaks of NM infection?

Answer 47

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