Global child health

Question 1

What is the under 5 mortality rate?

Answer 1

Probability of dying before age 5

Question 2

What is the infant mortality rate?

Answer 2

Probability of dying before age 1

Question 3

What is neonatal mortality?

Answer 3

Probability of dying before 1 month

Question 4

What are the global top 5 causes of <5 mortality?

Answer 4

Preterm birth complications
Pneumonia
Intra-partum-related complications
Diarrhoea
Neonatal sepsis

Question 5

What are the top 5 causes of <5 death in africa?

Answer 5

Diarrhoea
Pneumonia
Malaria
Preterm birth complications
Intrapartum-related complications

Question 6

What are 4 simple measures for effective birth?

Answer 6

Antenatal care
Steroids for preterm labour
Skilled birth attendant present
Antibiotics for sepsis and pneumonia

Question 7

What 4 things can a skilled birth attendent do?

Answer 7

Provide a clean delivery
Dry baby and keep warm
Resuscitate asphyxiated babies
Recognise warning signs for referral

Question 8

What are 4 sustainable solutions for neonates?

Answer 8

Hygiene
DIY resusitare
Establish breastfeeding/NG expressed breastmilk if possible
Bubble CPAP

Question 9

What are 4 risk factors for pneumonia?

Answer 9

Malnutrition
Over-crowding
Indoor air pollution
Parental smoking

Question 10

What 3 things can prevent pneumonia?

Answer 10

Vaccinations
Breastfeeding then complimentary nutrition
Good hygiene

Question 11

What is the main cause of diarrhoea?

Answer 11

Contaminated water and food sources

Question 12

What can diarrhoea cause?

Answer 12

Malnutrition

Question 13

What 3 things can prevent diarrhoea?

Answer 13

Good hygiene
Breastfeeding/Good nutrition
Vaccination

Question 14

What is the treatment for diarrhoea?

Answer 14

Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

Zinc supplements

Question 15

Where are 90% of people born with HIV from?

Answer 15

Sub-saharan africa

Question 16

How is 90% of HIV tranmitted?

Answer 16

Mother to child

Question 17

What % of babies born to HIV infected mothers are infected?

Answer 17

15-45%

Question 18

What 3 ways can HIV be transmitted mother to child?

Answer 18

Pregnancy
Deliver
Breastfeeding

Question 19

What 3 things can prevent MtC transmission of HIV?

Answer 19

Maternal lifelong antiretroviral treatment
Screen for and treat other STDs
Infant prophylaxis for 6 weeks

Question 20

When are babies born to HIV infected mothers tested?

Answer 20

Birth
6 weeks
9 months
18 months
6 weeks after stopping breastfeeding

Question 21

What is the outcome for HIV infected babies?

Answer 21

25-30% die at birth
50-60% die before age 5
2-35% live beyond 8 years

Question 22

What are 8 presentations of HIV?

Answer 22

Recurrent:
-common childhood illness
-oral candidiasis
-Severe bacterial infection
Failure to thrive or growth failure
Generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatoslplenomegaly
Persistant fever
Encephalopathy
Chronic parotitis

Question 23

Who should be tested for HIV?

Answer 23

All in countries with HIV epidemics
All exposed infants
Any child with any suspicion of HIV

Question 24

What are the tests for HIV <18 months?

Answer 24

Viriological PCR for HIV DNA or RNA

Question 25

What are the tests for HIV >18 months?

Answer 25

Serological rapid Ab test

Question 26

How many stages of HIV are there?

Answer 26

4

Question 27

How is HIV staged?

Answer 27

CD4+ count

Question 28

What do all children with HIV get treated with?

Answer 28

``` HAART: 2NRTIs 1 NNRTI or protease inhibitor Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis Vaccinations ```

Question 29

What is a NRTI?

Answer 29

Neucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Abacavir Lamivudine

Question 30

What is a NNRTI?

Answer 30

Non-Neucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | Efavirenz if >3

Question 31

What is an example of a protease inhibitor?

Answer 31

Kaletra | If >3

Question 32

What are 3 complications of HAART?

Answer 32

Compliance Side effects IRIS

Question 33

What is IRIS?

Answer 33

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

Question 34

How is IRIS treated?

Answer 34

NSAIDs

Question 35

Is TB curable?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

What are the 4 symptoms of TB?

Answer 36

Chronic cough or fever >2 weeks Night sweats Weight loss Lymphadenopathy

Question 37

What are the risk factors for TB?

Answer 37

HIV Malnutrition Household contact

Question 38

What are the investigations for TB?

Answer 38

AFB IFy release assays Chest C-ray Mantoux

Question 39

What is the treatment of TB?

Answer 39

2 RIPE 4 RI

Question 40

How can TB be prevented?

Answer 40

BCG

Question 41

What causes malaria?

Answer 41

Plasmodium parasite from female anopheles mosquito

Question 42

What is the most severe type of malaria?

Answer 42

P. Falciparuum

Question 43

How does malaria present?

Answer 43

Fever Pallor Non-specific malaise

Question 44

How is malaria treated?

Answer 44

Artesmisinin based combination therapy for 3 days

Question 45

How is severe malaria treated?

Answer 45

IM or IV artesunate until can tolerate oral

Question 46

How can malaria be prevented?

Answer 46

Long lasting insecticidal nets | Pilot malaria vaccine

Question 47

What are 3 causes of malnutrition?

Answer 47

Lack of access Poor feeding practices Infection

Question 48

What classifies severe acute malnutrition?

Answer 48

Mid-arm circumference <115mm Weight for height <3SD Oedema of both feet

Question 49

What is the treatment for malnutrition?

Answer 49

``` Investigate cause Vitamin A De-worm Ready to use therapeutic food Vaccinations ```

Question 50

What 4 diseases are responsible for the majority of deaths?

Answer 50

Cardiovascular diseases Cancers Diabetes Chronic respiratory diseases

Question 51

What are 4 behavioural risk factors?

Answer 51

Tobacco use Harmful use of alcohol Insufficient physical activity Unhealthy diet/obesity

Question 52

What is more common, primary or secondary epilepsy?

Answer 52

Secondary