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Child and Family > Global child health > Flashcards

Global child health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the under 5 mortality rate?

A

Probability of dying before age 5

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2
Q

What is the infant mortality rate?

A

Probability of dying before age 1

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3
Q

What is neonatal mortality?

A

Probability of dying before 1 month

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4
Q

What are the global top 5 causes of <5 mortality?

A 
Preterm birth complications
Pneumonia
Intra-partum-related complications
Diarrhoea
Neonatal sepsis
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5
Q

What are the top 5 causes of <5 death in africa?

A 
Diarrhoea
Pneumonia
Malaria
Preterm birth complications
Intrapartum-related complications
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6
Q

What are 4 simple measures for effective birth?

A

Antenatal care
Steroids for preterm labour
Skilled birth attendant present
Antibiotics for sepsis and pneumonia

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7
Q

What 4 things can a skilled birth attendent do?

A

Provide a clean delivery
Dry baby and keep warm
Resuscitate asphyxiated babies
Recognise warning signs for referral

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8
Q

What are 4 sustainable solutions for neonates?

A

Hygiene
DIY resusitare
Establish breastfeeding/NG expressed breastmilk if possible
Bubble CPAP

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9
Q

What are 4 risk factors for pneumonia?

A

Malnutrition
Over-crowding
Indoor air pollution
Parental smoking

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10
Q

What 3 things can prevent pneumonia?

A

Vaccinations
Breastfeeding then complimentary nutrition
Good hygiene

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11
Q

What is the main cause of diarrhoea?

A

Contaminated water and food sources

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12
Q

What can diarrhoea cause?

A

Malnutrition

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13
Q

What 3 things can prevent diarrhoea?

A

Good hygiene
Breastfeeding/Good nutrition
Vaccination

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14
Q

What is the treatment for diarrhoea?

A

Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

Zinc supplements

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15
Q

Where are 90% of people born with HIV from?

A

Sub-saharan africa

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16
Q

How is 90% of HIV tranmitted?

A

Mother to child

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17
Q

What % of babies born to HIV infected mothers are infected?

A

15-45%

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18
Q

What 3 ways can HIV be transmitted mother to child?

A

Pregnancy
Deliver
Breastfeeding

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19
Q

What 3 things can prevent MtC transmission of HIV?

A

Maternal lifelong antiretroviral treatment
Screen for and treat other STDs
Infant prophylaxis for 6 weeks

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20
Q

When are babies born to HIV infected mothers tested?

A 
Birth
6 weeks
9 months
18 months
6 weeks after stopping breastfeeding
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21
Q

What is the outcome for HIV infected babies?

A

25-30% die at birth
50-60% die before age 5
2-35% live beyond 8 years

22
Q

What are 8 presentations of HIV?

A 
Recurrent:
-common childhood illness
-oral candidiasis
-Severe bacterial infection
Failure to thrive or growth failure
Generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatoslplenomegaly
Persistant fever
Encephalopathy
Chronic parotitis
23
Q

Who should be tested for HIV?

A

All in countries with HIV epidemics
All exposed infants
Any child with any suspicion of HIV

24
Q

What are the tests for HIV <18 months?

A

Viriological PCR for HIV DNA or RNA

25
Q

What are the tests for HIV >18 months?

A

Serological rapid Ab test

26
Q

How many stages of HIV are there?

A

4

27
Q

How is HIV staged?

A

CD4+ count

28
Q

What do all children with HIV get treated with?

A 
HAART:
2NRTIs
1 NNRTI or protease inhibitor
Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis
Vaccinations
29
Q

What is a NRTI?

A

Neucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Abacavir
Lamivudine

30
Q

What is a NNRTI?

A

Non-Neucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Efavirenz if >3

31
Q

What is an example of a protease inhibitor?

A

Kaletra

If >3

32
Q

What are 3 complications of HAART?

A

Compliance
Side effects
IRIS

33
Q

What is IRIS?

A

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

34
Q

How is IRIS treated?

A

NSAIDs

35
Q

Is TB curable?

A

Yes

36
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of TB?

A

Chronic cough or fever >2 weeks
Night sweats
Weight loss
Lymphadenopathy

37
Q

What are the risk factors for TB?

A

HIV
Malnutrition
Household contact

38
Q

What are the investigations for TB?

A

AFB
IFy release assays
Chest C-ray
Mantoux

39
Q

What is the treatment of TB?

A

2 RIPE 4 RI

40
Q

How can TB be prevented?

A

BCG

41
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium parasite from female anopheles mosquito

42
Q

What is the most severe type of malaria?

A

P. Falciparuum

43
Q

How does malaria present?

A

Fever
Pallor
Non-specific malaise

44
Q

How is malaria treated?

A

Artesmisinin based combination therapy for 3 days

45
Q

How is severe malaria treated?

A

IM or IV artesunate until can tolerate oral

46
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

Long lasting insecticidal nets

Pilot malaria vaccine

47
Q

What are 3 causes of malnutrition?

A

Lack of access
Poor feeding practices
Infection

48
Q

What classifies severe acute malnutrition?

A

Mid-arm circumference <115mm
Weight for height <3SD
Oedema of both feet

49
Q

What is the treatment for malnutrition?

A 
Investigate cause
Vitamin A
De-worm
Ready to use therapeutic food
Vaccinations
50
Q

What 4 diseases are responsible for the majority of deaths?

A

Cardiovascular diseases
Cancers
Diabetes
Chronic respiratory diseases

51
Q

What are 4 behavioural risk factors?

A

Tobacco use
Harmful use of alcohol
Insufficient physical activity
Unhealthy diet/obesity

52
Q

What is more common, primary or secondary epilepsy?

A

Secondary

Child and Family (13 decks)

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