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Child and Family > Development of the nervous system > Flashcards

Development of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What do genes determine when decoded?

A

The correct sequence and evolution of the brain
Development of dendritic and axonal interconnection
Development of synapses, receptors and transmitters

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2
Q

What can affect the intrauterine environment?

A

Maternal health and disease (maternal PKU)
Insults which may be continuous throughout pregnancy
Placental function and fetal nutrition

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3
Q

What insults may continue throughout pregnancy?

A

Alcohol exposure
Cytomegalovirus
Infection

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4
Q

What can affect the extrauterine environment?

A 
Nutrition
Environmental toxins
Emotional factors
Social factors
Neglect
Lack of stimulation
Exposure to drugs, alcohol etc
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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of brain development?

A

Embryonic period
Fetal
Post natal
Adolescene

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6
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

Conception to week 9

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7
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

Week 9 - weeks 40-42

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8
Q

How many layers of the embryo are there?

A

2

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9
Q

What are the 2 embryonic layers?

A

Epiblast hypoblast

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10
Q

What makes up the embryo ?

A

Primitive streak
Primitive node
Migration of cells through streak then rostral-caudal migration

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11
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers

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12
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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13
Q

What does the ectoderm produce?

A

Skin
Nails
Hair
Neural tissue

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14
Q

What does the mesoderm produce?

A

Muscle
Bone
Cartilage
Vascular system

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15
Q

What does the endoderm produce?

A

Gut

Respiratory system

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16
Q

What is the first well-defined neural structure to form?

A

Neural tube

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17
Q

When does the neural tube form?

A

20-27days

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18
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Neural progenitor cells come from the neural plate
To form the neural groove
This then forms the neural tube

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19
Q

Where do the neural progenitor cells line and what is this known as?

A

Line the inside of the neural tube

The Ventricular zone

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20
Q

What will become the ventricular system?

A

The hollow centre of the tube

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21
Q

What will become the central channel of the spinal cord?

A

The hollow centre of the tube

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22
Q

What will become the brain?

A

Anterior/rostral tube

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23
Q

What will become the spinal cord?

A

The caudal tube

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24
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (misbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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25
Q

When is there only 3 brains vesicles?

A

3-4 weeks

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26
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesenchephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencheohalon
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27
Q

What does the telencephalon become?

A

Cerebrum

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28
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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29
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

A

Midbrain

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30
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A

Pons

Cerebellum

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31
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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32
Q

When are there 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A

Five weeks

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33
Q

What is an example of neural patterning?

A

Neocortical planning

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34
Q

What are the 2 signalling molecules in the neocortex?

A

EMX2

PAX6

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35
Q

What happens when there are high concentrations of Pax6 and low concentrations of Emx2?

A

Induce progenitor cells to differentiate into motor neurons

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36
Q

What happens when there are low concentrations of Pax6 and high concentrations of Emx2?

A

Induce visual cortex neurons

37
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

Week 9 to term

38
Q

What is the brain initially?

A

Lissencephalic (smooth)

39
Q

What is the sulcal and gyral pattern?

A

Folded appearance of the brain

40
Q

When do the primary sulci develop?

A

Weeks 8-26

41
Q

What are some primary sulci?

A 
Longitudinal fissure
Sylvian
Cingulate
Parieto-occipital
Calcarine
Temporal
42
Q

When do secondary sulci develop?

A

Weeks 30-35

43
Q

When do tertiary sulci develop?

A

Weeks 36-post natal

44
Q

Why do gyri and sulci develop?

A

Accommodate proliferating neuronal populations

45
Q

How do Neuronal progenitor cells in the ventricular zone divide?

A

Symmetrically initially, then asymmetrically
Progenitor cells remain in the ventricular zone and continue to divide and produce more cells
Neurons migrate to take their place in the neocortex

46
Q

What are three methods of neuronal migration?

A

Somal translocation
Radial glial guides
Trangenital migration and signalling pathways

47
Q

What 2 processes do neurons use to communicate with each other?

A

Axons

Dendrites

48
Q

What 3 things do axons do?

A

Transmit signals from neurons
Guidance molecules determine their path
Synapses develop when connected with another neuron

49
Q

What 2 things do dendrites do?

A

Gather information

Multiple dendrites form arbors around the neuron

50
Q

What % of neurons die prenatally?

A

50%

51
Q

What % of connections will be eliminated postnatally and throughout life?

A

50%

52
Q

What 2 things are involved in postnatal brain development?

A

Postnatal proliferation migration

Myelination

53
Q

What forms when OPCs develop processes which wrap around axons?

A

Myelin sheaths

54
Q

What effect do multi-layered sheaths have on axonal conduction rates?

A

Increases them dramatically

55
Q

What are 4 other functions of myelination?

A

Maintain axonal integrity
Survival
Neuronal size
Axonal diameter

56
Q

What manner and direction does myelination occur in?

A

Sequential manner from bottom to top

Back to front

57
Q

When does myelination occur?

A

Mainly in the first 2 years

Ongoing into the 20s

58
Q

Why is there limited neuronal proliferation from the ventricular zone?

A

Olfactory bulb
Denate gyrus of hippocampus
Glial progenerators> Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

59
Q

What brain development occurs in the prenatal period?

A

Establish the core components of the CNS

60
Q

Does mature organisation of the brain require postnatal input?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is experience dependent learning?

A

Early experience of the postnatal brain is essential for the emergence of normal neocortical patterns
When input is lacking brain areas develop differently
Specific patterns of developmetn reflect the kinds of input the child received

62
Q

What are the developmental tasks of adolescence?

A 
Establish nurturing and intimate relationships 
Development of identity 
Future perspectives
Independence
Self-confidence
Self-control
Social skills
63
Q

What is the old dogma?

A

Developmental and major architectural and functional changes occur predominantly in the prenatal period and 1st 5 years of life

64
Q

What is the new evidence for the dogma?

A

Significant reorganisations
Many synapses are eliminated
Increase in white matter volume
Changes in neurotransmitter systems

65
Q

T/F the brain is almost fully grown shortly after birth?

A

True

66
Q

Is maturation of the gray matter ongoing?

A

Yes

67
Q

How does maturation occur?

A

With synaptic pruning and is experientially determined

68
Q

What increase is there of white matter volume?

A

Concomitant

69
Q

What is anatomical reorganisation associated with?

A

Profound emotional change

70
Q

What is physical maturation associated with?

A

Rising gonadal hormone concentrations

71
Q

What is the brain full of?

A

Steroid receptors

72
Q

How do pubertal hormones affect the brain?

A

Restructuring

Permanent reorganisation

73
Q

What do oestrogens make females more prone to?

A

Stress

74
Q

What do androgens do to males?

A

Makes them more resillient to stress

75
Q

What will monocular visual deprivation in early post natal life do?

A

Substantially alter patterns of organisation within the primary visual cortex

76
Q

What happens to ocular dominance columns when both eyes are stimulated?

A

They both develop equally

77
Q

What happens if one eye is blocked?

A

The bands or columns representing the deprived eye shrink to thin stripes and the inputs from the active eye invade and subsume territory in the PVC normally occupied by the blocked eye

78
Q

What can insults in the first few weeks of life result in?

A 
Neural tube formation
Development of brain vesicles
Migrational disturbances
Inherited defects involving myelin
Malnutrition and brain development
79
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Failure of development of brain vesicles

80
Q

What are the 4 variants of holoprosencephaly?

A

Normal
Lobar
Semilobar
Alobar

81
Q

What are 3 disorders of myelination?

A

Hypomyelination
Dysmyelination
Demyelination

82
Q

What does the PLP1 gene encode for?

A

A transmembrance proteolipid protein, the predominant myelin protein present in the CNS

83
Q

What in PLP1 responsible for?

A

Compaction, stabilization and maintinence of myelin sheaths
Oligodendreocyte development
Axonal survival

84
Q

Where is PLP1 located?

A

On the X chromosome

85
Q

What is the most severe PLP1 mutation disorder?

A

Pelizaeus-Mezbacher

86
Q

How does Pelizaeus-Mezbacher present?

A 
Nystagmus
Hypotonia
Cognitive impairment
Severe spasticity and atacia
Shortened life span
87
Q

What is Nystagmus?

A

Involuntary eye movements

88
Q

How can spastic paraparesis 2 present?

A

Spastic paraparesis with or without CNS involvement and normal lifespan

89
Q

What 4 things can malnutrution have an impact on?

A

Brain growth and volume
Myelination
Lack of energy and deprivation
Disease and debilitation

Child and Family (13 decks)

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