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Development of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What do genes determine when decoded?

A

The correct sequence and evolution of the brain
Development of dendritic and axonal interconnection
Development of synapses, receptors and transmitters

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2
Q

What can affect the intrauterine environment?

A

Maternal health and disease (maternal PKU)
Insults which may be continuous throughout pregnancy
Placental function and fetal nutrition

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3
Q

What insults may continue throughout pregnancy?

A

Alcohol exposure
Cytomegalovirus
Infection

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4
Q

What can affect the extrauterine environment?

A 
Nutrition
Environmental toxins
Emotional factors
Social factors
Neglect
Lack of stimulation
Exposure to drugs, alcohol etc
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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of brain development?

A

Embryonic period
Fetal
Post natal
Adolescene

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6
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

Conception to week 9

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7
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

Week 9 - weeks 40-42

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8
Q

How many layers of the embryo are there?

A

2

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9
Q

What are the 2 embryonic layers?

A

Epiblast hypoblast

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10
Q

What makes up the embryo ?

A

Primitive streak
Primitive node
Migration of cells through streak then rostral-caudal migration

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11
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers

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12
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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13
Q

What does the ectoderm produce?

A

Skin
Nails
Hair
Neural tissue

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14
Q

What does the mesoderm produce?

A

Muscle
Bone
Cartilage
Vascular system

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15
Q

What does the endoderm produce?

A

Gut

Respiratory system

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16
Q

What is the first well-defined neural structure to form?

A

Neural tube

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17
Q

When does the neural tube form?

A

20-27days

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18
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

Neural progenitor cells come from the neural plate
To form the neural groove
This then forms the neural tube

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19
Q

Where do the neural progenitor cells line and what is this known as?

A

Line the inside of the neural tube

The Ventricular zone

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20
Q

What will become the ventricular system?

A

The hollow centre of the tube

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21
Q

What will become the central channel of the spinal cord?

A

The hollow centre of the tube

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22
Q

What will become the brain?

A

Anterior/rostral tube

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23
Q

What will become the spinal cord?

A

The caudal tube

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24
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (misbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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25
When is there only 3 brains vesicles?
3-4 weeks
26
What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?
``` Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesenchephalon Metencephalon Myelencheohalon ```
27
What does the telencephalon become?
Cerebrum
28
What does the diencephalon become?
Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
29
What does the mesencephalon become?
Midbrain
30
What does the metencephalon become?
Pons | Cerebellum
31
What does the myelencephalon become?
Medulla Oblongata
32
When are there 5 secondary brain vesicles?
Five weeks
33
What is an example of neural patterning?
Neocortical planning
34
What are the 2 signalling molecules in the neocortex?
EMX2 | PAX6
35
What happens when there are high concentrations of Pax6 and low concentrations of Emx2?
Induce progenitor cells to differentiate into motor neurons
36
What happens when there are low concentrations of Pax6 and high concentrations of Emx2?
Induce visual cortex neurons
37
When is the fetal period?
Week 9 to term
38
What is the brain initially?
Lissencephalic (smooth)
39
What is the sulcal and gyral pattern?
Folded appearance of the brain
40
When do the primary sulci develop?
Weeks 8-26
41
What are some primary sulci?
``` Longitudinal fissure Sylvian Cingulate Parieto-occipital Calcarine Temporal ```
42
When do secondary sulci develop?
Weeks 30-35
43
When do tertiary sulci develop?
Weeks 36-post natal
44
Why do gyri and sulci develop?
Accommodate proliferating neuronal populations
45
How do Neuronal progenitor cells in the ventricular zone divide?
Symmetrically initially, then asymmetrically Progenitor cells remain in the ventricular zone and continue to divide and produce more cells Neurons migrate to take their place in the neocortex
46
What are three methods of neuronal migration?
Somal translocation Radial glial guides Trangenital migration and signalling pathways
47
What 2 processes do neurons use to communicate with each other?
Axons | Dendrites
48
What 3 things do axons do?
Transmit signals from neurons Guidance molecules determine their path Synapses develop when connected with another neuron
49
What 2 things do dendrites do?
Gather information | Multiple dendrites form arbors around the neuron
50
What % of neurons die prenatally?
50%
51
What % of connections will be eliminated postnatally and throughout life?
50%
52
What 2 things are involved in postnatal brain development?
Postnatal proliferation migration | Myelination
53
What forms when OPCs develop processes which wrap around axons?
Myelin sheaths
54
What effect do multi-layered sheaths have on axonal conduction rates?
Increases them dramatically
55
What are 4 other functions of myelination?
Maintain axonal integrity Survival Neuronal size Axonal diameter
56
What manner and direction does myelination occur in?
Sequential manner from bottom to top | Back to front
57
When does myelination occur?
Mainly in the first 2 years | Ongoing into the 20s
58
Why is there limited neuronal proliferation from the ventricular zone?
Olfactory bulb Denate gyrus of hippocampus Glial progenerators> Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
59
What brain development occurs in the prenatal period?
Establish the core components of the CNS
60
Does mature organisation of the brain require postnatal input?
Yes
61
What is experience dependent learning?
Early experience of the postnatal brain is essential for the emergence of normal neocortical patterns When input is lacking brain areas develop differently Specific patterns of developmetn reflect the kinds of input the child received
62
What are the developmental tasks of adolescence?
``` Establish nurturing and intimate relationships Development of identity Future perspectives Independence Self-confidence Self-control Social skills ```
63
What is the old dogma?
Developmental and major architectural and functional changes occur predominantly in the prenatal period and 1st 5 years of life
64
What is the new evidence for the dogma?
Significant reorganisations Many synapses are eliminated Increase in white matter volume Changes in neurotransmitter systems
65
T/F the brain is almost fully grown shortly after birth?
True
66
Is maturation of the gray matter ongoing?
Yes
67
How does maturation occur?
With synaptic pruning and is experientially determined
68
What increase is there of white matter volume?
Concomitant
69
What is anatomical reorganisation associated with?
Profound emotional change
70
What is physical maturation associated with?
Rising gonadal hormone concentrations
71
What is the brain full of?
Steroid receptors
72
How do pubertal hormones affect the brain?
Restructuring | Permanent reorganisation
73
What do oestrogens make females more prone to?
Stress
74
What do androgens do to males?
Makes them more resillient to stress
75
What will monocular visual deprivation in early post natal life do?
Substantially alter patterns of organisation within the primary visual cortex
76
What happens to ocular dominance columns when both eyes are stimulated?
They both develop equally
77
What happens if one eye is blocked?
The bands or columns representing the deprived eye shrink to thin stripes and the inputs from the active eye invade and subsume territory in the PVC normally occupied by the blocked eye
78
What can insults in the first few weeks of life result in?
``` Neural tube formation Development of brain vesicles Migrational disturbances Inherited defects involving myelin Malnutrition and brain development ```
79
What is holoprosencephaly?
Failure of development of brain vesicles
80
What are the 4 variants of holoprosencephaly?
Normal Lobar Semilobar Alobar
81
What are 3 disorders of myelination?
Hypomyelination Dysmyelination Demyelination
82
What does the PLP1 gene encode for?
A transmembrance proteolipid protein, the predominant myelin protein present in the CNS
83
What in PLP1 responsible for?
Compaction, stabilization and maintinence of myelin sheaths Oligodendreocyte development Axonal survival
84
Where is PLP1 located?
On the X chromosome
85
What is the most severe PLP1 mutation disorder?
Pelizaeus-Mezbacher
86
How does Pelizaeus-Mezbacher present?
``` Nystagmus Hypotonia Cognitive impairment Severe spasticity and atacia Shortened life span ```
87
What is Nystagmus?
Involuntary eye movements
88
How can spastic paraparesis 2 present?
Spastic paraparesis with or without CNS involvement and normal lifespan
89
What 4 things can malnutrution have an impact on?
Brain growth and volume Myelination Lack of energy and deprivation Disease and debilitation

Child and Family (13 decks)

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