Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define antigen

A

Proteins on the surface of cells that cause an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocyte recognises foreign antigen
  2. Cytoplasm moves around pathogen engulfing if
  3. Pathogen contained in phagocytic vacuole
  4. Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vacuole
  5. Lysozymes break down pathogen
  6. Phagocyte présents antigens on it’s surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do phagocytes present antigen on their surface

A

Activates T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are T cells activated

A

Receptor proteins on the T cell bind to complementary antigens on the phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of t helper cells

A

Release chemical signals that activate tc cells, B cells and phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of tc cells

A

Kill cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What forms when antibodies bind with complementary antigens

A

Antigen-antibody complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is clonal selection

A

Antibody binds with complementary antigen
Chemicals released from B cell
Activate the B cell
B cell divides into plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are plasma cells

A

Clones of B cells (have the same antibody on its surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does an antibody having 2 binding sites useful

A

Can bind to 2 antigens at the same time
Pathogens are clumped together = agglutination
Phagocytes can bind to antibodies and engulf many pathogens at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does every antigen have a specific antibody

A

The variable regions have a specific tertiary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cellular response

A

Phagocytes and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the humoral response

A

B cells
Plasma cells
Clonal selection
Monoclonal antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary immune response

A

Antigen enters body for the first time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is the primary response slow

A

Not many B cells with specific antibody needed to bind to the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is produced at the end of the primary response

A

Memory t and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do Tm cells remember

A

The antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do Bm cells remember

A

The antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the secondary immune response

A

Same pathogen renters body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the secondary response quicker

A

Clonal selection happens faster = b cells are activated quickly to divide into the correct plasma cell that produce the right antibody
T cells activate quickly = divide into the correct type to kill the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do you have no symptoms on the secondary response

A

Kills pathogen before you can show symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do vaccines contain

A

Free/attatched or dead/attenuated antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are vaccines useful

A

Body produces memory cells against a pathogen without causing the disease. So if reinfected the body has a fast secondary response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of taking a vaccine orally

A

Broken down by enzymes in the digestive system

Molecules are too large to pass into blood stream in small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are booster vaccines made

A

To make sure memory cells are produced

26
Q

What is antigenic variation

A

Genes in pathogens mutate

Change in antigens on their surface

27
Q

Why is antigenic variation bad

A

The memory cells produced from the first infection don’t recognise antigens. So the immune system goes back through the primary response and you get ill again
Hard to develop vaccines against

28
Q

How would you describe 2 different strains of the Same pathogen

A

Immunologically distinct

29
Q

How do gouvernements choose what strain a vaccine is made for

A

The one that is most effective against the recent strain

30
Q

What is active immunity

A

When your immune system makes its own antibodies stimulated by an antigen

31
Q

What is an example of natural active immunity

A

Catch disease

32
Q

What is an example of artificial active immunity

A

Vaccine

33
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Given antibodies given by different organisms

Immune system doesn’t produces its own antibodies

34
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunity

A

Baby gets antibodies from mothers placenta and breast milk

35
Q

What is an example of artificial passive immunity

A

Injected with antibodies from someone else

36
Q

What are the difference between passive and active immunity

A 
Active =
Needs antigen exposure 
Takes time to develop immunity 
Memory cells produced 
Long t’en protection 
Passive = 
No exposure to antigen 
Immediate protection 
No memory cells
Short term protection (antibodies are broken down)
37
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

Antibodies produces from a single group of genetically identical B cells (plasma cells)

38
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in cancer treatment

A

Cancer cells have specific antigens (tumour markers) not found on normal body cells
Monoclonal antibodies can bind to tumour markers and be attached to an anti cancer drug

39
Q

Why is ther low side effects when using monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment

A

Anti cancer drug will only accumulate around the cancer cells (highly specific)

40
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy testing

A
  1. Application area = antibodies for hCG bound to blue bead
  2. hCG binds to antibody forming antigen-antibody complex
  3. Urine carries hCG and blue Beads up to test strip
  4. Test strip = immobilised antibodies
  5. hCG binds to immobilised antibodies
  6. Concentrating the hCG-antibody complex with the blue beads
    = test strip turns blue
41
Q

If there’s no hcg why does test strip stay colourless

A

Blue beads will pass through test area without binding to the immobilised antibodies

42
Q

What is the difference between indirect and direct Elisa testing

A 
Direct = 1 antibody 
Indirect = 2 antibodies
43
Q

Describe the method for indirect Elisa testing for HIV

A
  1. HIV antigen bound to bottom of well in well plate
  2. Px blood plasma added to well
  3. HIV specific antibodies will bind to hiv antigens at bottom of well
  4. Wash out well = remove unbound antibodies
  5. Secondary antibody with enzyme added to the well
  6. Secondary antibodies bind to primary
  7. No primary the secondary can’t bind to anything
  8. Wash out well = remove unbound antibodies
  9. Solution containing substrate to enzyme on secondary is added to the well.
  10. If the secondary antibody is there the enzyme will react forming a coloured solution = showing there was hiv antibodies
44
Q

Why is it important to wash out the well

A

Remove unbound antibodies

Make sure to not give false positives

45
Q

Why would the solution stay colourless if there’s no primary antibodies

A

No hiv specific antibodies for the secondary antibodies with the enzyme to attach to

46
Q

What are the ethical issues surrounding vaccines

A

Animal testing
Aminal products used in the vaccine
Human testing
People at unnecessary risk because they think they are fully protected
Side effects
People don’t take it so rely on herd immunity which is unfair
Rush to receive vaccine In pandemic

47
Q

Ethical issue of monoclonal antibodies

A

Animals are used to produce the B cells

More side effects than expected

48
Q

What is AIDS

A

Immune system fails and susceptible to other infections

The Th cell level drops below a critical level

49
Q

What is the host cell of hiv

A

T helper cells

50
Q

What is inside the core of hiv

A

RNA and reverse transcriptase

51
Q

Draw a viral cell

A 
Capsid 
Genetic info 
Reverse transcriptase 
Envelope 
Attachment proteins
52
Q

Why can’t viruses replicate on its own

A

Doesn’t contain its own ribosomes or enzymes

53
Q

Describe how hiv replicates

A
  1. Attachment proteins bind to receptor proteins on t helper cell
  2. Capsid released into cell
  3. Capsid releases rna into t helper cell cytoplasm
  4. Reverse transcriptase makes complementary strand of dna using viral rna template
  5. Dna inserted into human dna
  6. T helper cell enzymes make viral proteins at ribosomes
  7. New viruses bud from t helper cell or burst from cell (lysis)
54
Q

What is the latency period in hiv

A

HIV replication slows in rate after initial first infection

55
Q

What is progression of aids

A

The infections become more serious as less t helper cells to fight them off

56
Q

What effects survival time of aids

A

Existing infections
Strain of hiv
Age
Access to health care

57
Q

What type of cell do antibiotics kill and why

A

Bacteria

Target specific bacterial enzymes and ribosomes that are different to human cells

58
Q

Why don’t antibiotics damage human cells

A

Designed to only target bacterial enzymes and ribosomes not human

59
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses

A

Viruses don’t have their own ribosomes or enzymes because they hijack the human ones

60
Q

What are antiviral drugs designed against

A

Target the virus specific enzymes

Eg, reverse transcriptase

61
Q

How to reduce spread of hiv

A

Don’t share needles

Use protection

62
Q

Why is hiv testing unreliable on babies under 18 months

A

The baby might have hiv antibodies from the mothers placenta or breast milk without having the disease

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions