Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Momomer of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 polysaccharides in starch

A

Amylose and amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe structure of amylose

A

Unbranched
Alpha glucose
Coiled = angles of glycosidic bonds (1,4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe structure of amylopectin

A

Branched

Alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is starch going for plant storage

A 
Amylose = coiled = compact 
Amylopectin = highly branched = enzymes break glycosidic bonds quickly
Insoluble = doesn’t affect water potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the test fir starch

A

Iodine dissolved in potassium idiode

Orange -> blue/black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe structure of glycogen

A

Alpha glucose

Highly branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is glycogen adapted for its function

A

Highly branched = enzymes can break glycosidic bonds quickly and release e
Compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the structure if cellulose

A

Unbranched
B glucose
Straight chains linked my H bonds
Every other glucose flips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does cellulose provide structure and support

A

H bonds link chains

Form microfibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a fatty acid

A

Hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does a triglyceride form

A

Condensation reaction

Forms ester bond with glycerol and fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds

Max no of H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do unsaturated fatty acids kink

A

Double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid

A

1 glycerol + 1 phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is the phosphate group hydrophobic

A

No - it’s hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of triglycerides

A

Energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are triglycerides good for their function

A

Long hydrocarbon tails release lots of energy when broken down = 2x amount In same mass of carbs

Insoluble = dont affect water potential

               =  clump together in insoluble droplets because fatty acids are hydrophobic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of phospholipids

A

Bilayer of plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the emulsion test fir lipids

A

Add ethanol
Shake for 1 min
Pour into water
Lipid = milky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How to know if there’s more lipid in a food

A

More milky emulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the monomer of proteins

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the structure of amino acids

A

Amine group
Carboxyl group
Variable group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the bond that joins amino acids
Peptide bonds
26
What type of reaction is the formation of polypeptides
Condensation
27
Describe the primary structure of a protein
Séquence of amino acids
28
Describe the secondary structure of a protein
H bonds form between amino acids Coil = a helix Fold = b pleated sheets
29
Describe the tertiary structure of a protein
More bonds forms between amino acids H bonds Ionic bonds Disulfide bridges
30
Describe the quarternary structure of a protein
Multiple polypeptide chains bonded together
31
What amino acids form disulphide bridges
Cysteine
32
Why are keratin and collagen structural proteins
Polypeptide chains are parallel to each other | Form cross links
33
Give 4 uses of proteins
Enzymes Structural proteins Antibodies Transport proteins
34
Describe the buiret test
``` Add NaOH Add Cu(II)SO4 +ve = purple -ve = blue ```
35
What is the Biuret test for
Proteins
36
Where is enzyme action
Intracellular (inside cell) and extra cellular (outside cell)
37
Why are enzymes highly specific
Tertiary structure
38
What forms when a substrate and enzyme bind
Enzyme-substrate complex
39
What do enzymes do when 2 molecules need to be joined
Both attached to the same enzyme Held close together Reducing repulsion Bond more easy
40
What does the enzyme do when 2 molecules need to break up
Fitting into the AS causes stress on bonds in the substrate | Breaks more easily
41
What is the lock and key model
Specific Substrate fits into the specific AS
42
What is the induced fit model
Enzyme binds to substrate Enzyme-substrate complex changes shape slightly to complete fit Locks substrate more tightly
43
Why does the tertiary structure affect the AS
Tertiary structure determine AS | every enzyme has different tertiary structure = different AS
44
What happens if the tertiary structure of the enzyme changes
AS changes shape Substrate won’t fit Can’t form enzyme-substrate complex
45
How can a gene mutation affect enzyme function
Change amino acid gene codes for Different primary structure Different tertiary structure
46
What is a competitive inhibitor
Similar shape to substrate Compete to bind to AS blocks substrate from binding Slows rate of reaction
47
Does increasing conc of sub affect the rate of reaction with a competent be inhibitor
Yes | The substrate has more chance of binding to the AS
48
What is a non competitive inhibitor
Bind away from AS AS changes chape Substrate can’t bind = AS no Longer complimentary
49
Will increasing conc of sub affect rate of reaction with a non comp inhibitor
No | Once the enzyme has been denatured it can’t bind to the sub
50
What is the monomor of dna
Nucleotides
51
What is in a DNA nucleotide
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose) Base containing N Phosphate group
52
Give 2 difference between rna and dna nucleotides
Oxyribose not deoxyribose | Uracil not tymine
53
What bond forms between nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
54
What is the chain of sugars and phosphate in dna
Sugar phosphate backbone
55
How many H bonds between c and g
3
56
How many H bonds between T and A
2
57
Why does dna form a double helix
H bonds between complementary base pairs | On strands going antiparallel
58
Describe dna semi conservative replication
1. Dna helicase break h bonds between complementary base pairs 2. Helix unwinds 3. Each original strand is a template for a new 4. Free floating nucleotides join to complementary base pairs attracted to Éxposed bases 5. DNA polymerase catalysés condensation reaction to form H bonds between bases
59
What is semi conservative replication
Each new dna molecule contains 1 strand from original and 1 new
60
Why is replication semi conservative
Maintain Genetic continuity
61
Why does anti parallel strands affect DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase can only complementary to 3’ Nucleotides only added to 3’ end So it binds to the original strands 3’ end New = works from 5’ to 3’ So the DNA polymerase works in opposite directions
62
Describe the experiment that proved semi conservative replication
1. 2 samples of bacteria grown 2. 1 grown in N14 and 1 in N15 3. Bacteria reproduced taking up the N in dna 4. Sample of dna taken and spun in centrifuge 5. N15 settled lower 6. Bacteria grown in N15 put into N14 7. Allowed 1 round of replication 8. Dna taken and spun in centrifuge 9. DNA settled inbetween N15 and N14 because it had 1 strand of each
63
Why is water a good metabolite
Used in condensation and hydrolysis reactions
64
Why is water a good at temp control
High latent heat of vaporisation = takes lots of energy to break h bonds between water molecules = lots of energy used when it evaporates Eg. Sweat
65
Why can water buffer temp changes
High specific heat capacity = H bonds between molecules can absorb lots of energy No rapid temp changes Good habitat for marine life Good inside body = maintain constant body temp
66
Why is water a good solvent
It’s polar | So surrounds ions
67
Why is water good at moving up a plant
It’s cohesive because they’re polar Strong attraction between molecules Helps pull whole water column in xylem
68
Why does sweat form droplets
Strong cohesion = string surface tension when water is in contact with air Droplets can evaporate to cool skin
69
What is the structure of ATP
Adenine Ribose 3 phosphate groups
70
Why is atp a nucleotide derivitive
Modified nucleotide
71
Why is glucose turned into atp
Cells can’t get energy directly from glucose
72
What is the reaction for energy release from atp
Atp → adp + pi | Hydrolysis
73
Where is energy released from atp
The bond breaking between 2 phosphate groups
74
What is the break down of atp catalysed by
Atp hydrolase
75
What is the formation of atp catalysed by
Atp synthase
76
What does it mean by atp hydrolysis can be “coupled”
Energy released from atp can be directly used to an energy needed reaction so it’s not lost by heat
77
What can the Pi be used as
Can be added to other compounds (phosphorylation) | Make them more reactive

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions