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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Regulates movement in and out of cell

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2
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Contains dna

Control cell activities

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3
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages lipids and proteins

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5
Q

Function of golgi vesicles

A

Stores lipids and proteins made at Golgi apparatus

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6
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Contain lysozymes
Digest invading cells in phagocytosis
Break down worn out parts of the cell

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7
Q

Function of ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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8
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Folds proteins

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9
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis

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10
Q

Function of cell walls

A

Support and structure

Stops celL change going shape

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11
Q

What is the cell wall made of in plants and algae

A

Cellulose

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12
Q

What is the cell wall made of in fungi

A

Chitin

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13
Q

What is the function of cell vacuole

A

Maintain p inside cell
Keeps cell rigid
Stops plant wilting
Isolâtes unwanted chemicals

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14
Q

Name 3 organelles that plant cells have but not animal cells

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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15
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is the fluid in chloroplasts

A

Stroma

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17
Q

What is the membrane inside chloroplasts

A

Thylakoid membrane

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18
Q

What are stacked thylakoid membrane called

A

Grana

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19
Q

What are grana linked by

A

Lamellae

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20
Q

Define tissue

A

Group of specialised cells for a specific function

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21
Q

What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes

A

Murein

Glycoproteins

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22
Q

Function of flagella

A

Rotates to move cell

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23
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small loops of dna

Can be passed between prokaryotes

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24
Q

What do prokaryotes have instead of a nucleus

A

Circular dna

Not attached to histone proteins

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25
Q

Draw a prokaryote

A

-

26
Q

What are viruses made of

A

Nucleic acid

27
Q

What are the 3 structures in a virus

A

Capsid
Attachment protein
Genetic material (dna/rna)

28
Q

Function of attachment proteins

A

Attach to host cell to insert dna into it

29
Q

What is a capsid

A

Protein coat

30
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Image/réal

31
Q

Define resolution

A

How well 2 points that are close together can be distinguished

32
Q

Define magnification

A

How much bigger an image is that the specimen

33
Q

How do optical microscopes form an image

A

Light

34
Q

What is the resolution of optical microscopes

A

0.2um

35
Q

What is the max mag on optical microscopes

A

1500

36
Q

What organelles can be seen on an optical microscope

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria

37
Q

What is the magnification of electron microscopes

A

1500000

38
Q

What is the resolution of electron microscopes

A

0.0002um

39
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron

Scanning electron

40
Q

How do transmission electron microscopes form an image

A

Electromagnets focus a beam of electrons transmitted through specimen.

41
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes form an image

A

Electrons are scanned across specimen
Knocking off electrons from the specimen
Which are gathered in a ray tube

42
Q

Why do some parts of the Image in TEMs look darker

A

Denser parts of cell absorb more e

43
Q

Positive of TEMs

A

High resolution

44
Q

Negatives of TEMs

A

Need thin specimens

45
Q

2 Positives of SEMs

A

Can used thick specimens

Form 3D images

46
Q

Negative of SEMs compared to TEMs

A

Lower res

47
Q

Name 3 stages of cell fractionation

A

Homogenisation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation

48
Q

Describe homogenisation

A
  1. Grind cells in blended

2. Breaks up plasma membrane releasing organelles into solution

49
Q

What conditions does the solution need to be in homogenisation and why

A

Ice cold = reduce enzyme activity of enzymes that break down organelles eg. Lysozymes
Isotonic = same water potential as the cells = water doesn’t damage cells by osmosis
Buffered = maintain ph

50
Q

Describe filtration in cell fractionation

A

Homogenised soil upon filtered through gauze

Separate large cell and tissue debris from organelles

51
Q

Describe ultracentrifugation

A
  1. Pour cell fragments into tube
  2. Spin in centrifuge at low speed
  3. Heaviest organelles sink to the bottom = pellet
  4. Lighter organelles stay suspended = supernatant
  5. Drain supernatant and repeat at higher speeds
52
Q

What organelles have a double membrane

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

53
Q

What is the membrane around the vacuole

A

Tonoplast

54
Q

What is the folded outer membrane in the mitochondria called

A

Cristae

55
Q

What is the inside of a the mitochondria called

A

Matrix

56
Q

What is the membrane surrounding the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

57
Q

What structure in the nucleus makes ribosomes

A

Nucléolus

58
Q

What is the function of the pores in the nuclear envelope

A

Allow rna to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

59
Q

What is the function of the envelope around a virus

A

Defence against immune attack

60
Q

What is the viral envelope made of

A

Made of previous host cell

Biology (13 decks)

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