Cells Flashcards
Function of cell membrane
Regulates movement in and out of cell
Function of nucleus
Contains dna
Control cell activities
Function of mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Function of Golgi apparatus
Processes and packages lipids and proteins
Function of golgi vesicles
Stores lipids and proteins made at Golgi apparatus
Function of lysosomes
Contain lysozymes
Digest invading cells in phagocytosis
Break down worn out parts of the cell
Function of ribosome
Protein synthesis
Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Folds proteins
Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid synthesis
Function of cell walls
Support and structure
Stops celL change going shape
What is the cell wall made of in plants and algae
Cellulose
What is the cell wall made of in fungi
Chitin
What is the function of cell vacuole
Maintain p inside cell
Keeps cell rigid
Stops plant wilting
Isolâtes unwanted chemicals
Name 3 organelles that plant cells have but not animal cells
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Function of chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
What is the fluid in chloroplasts
Stroma
What is the membrane inside chloroplasts
Thylakoid membrane
What are stacked thylakoid membrane called
Grana
What are grana linked by
Lamellae
Define tissue
Group of specialised cells for a specific function
What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes
Murein
Glycoproteins
Function of flagella
Rotates to move cell
What are plasmids
Small loops of dna
Can be passed between prokaryotes
What do prokaryotes have instead of a nucleus
Circular dna
Not attached to histone proteins
Draw a prokaryote
-
What are viruses made of
Nucleic acid
What are the 3 structures in a virus
Capsid
Attachment protein
Genetic material (dna/rna)
Function of attachment proteins
Attach to host cell to insert dna into it
What is a capsid
Protein coat
Equation for magnification
Image/réal
Define resolution
How well 2 points that are close together can be distinguished
Define magnification
How much bigger an image is that the specimen
How do optical microscopes form an image
Light
What is the resolution of optical microscopes
0.2um
What is the max mag on optical microscopes
1500
What organelles can be seen on an optical microscope
Nucleus
Mitochondria
What is the magnification of electron microscopes
1500000
What is the resolution of electron microscopes
0.0002um
What are the 2 types of electron microscopes
Transmission electron
Scanning electron
How do transmission electron microscopes form an image
Electromagnets focus a beam of electrons transmitted through specimen.
How do scanning electron microscopes form an image
Electrons are scanned across specimen
Knocking off electrons from the specimen
Which are gathered in a ray tube
Why do some parts of the Image in TEMs look darker
Denser parts of cell absorb more e
Positive of TEMs
High resolution
Negatives of TEMs
Need thin specimens
2 Positives of SEMs
Can used thick specimens
Form 3D images
Negative of SEMs compared to TEMs
Lower res
Name 3 stages of cell fractionation
Homogenisation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Describe homogenisation
- Grind cells in blended
2. Breaks up plasma membrane releasing organelles into solution
What conditions does the solution need to be in homogenisation and why
Ice cold = reduce enzyme activity of enzymes that break down organelles eg. Lysozymes
Isotonic = same water potential as the cells = water doesn’t damage cells by osmosis
Buffered = maintain ph
Describe filtration in cell fractionation
Homogenised soil upon filtered through gauze
Separate large cell and tissue debris from organelles
Describe ultracentrifugation
- Pour cell fragments into tube
- Spin in centrifuge at low speed
- Heaviest organelles sink to the bottom = pellet
- Lighter organelles stay suspended = supernatant
- Drain supernatant and repeat at higher speeds
What organelles have a double membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
What is the membrane around the vacuole
Tonoplast
What is the folded outer membrane in the mitochondria called
Cristae
What is the inside of a the mitochondria called
Matrix
What is the membrane surrounding the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
What structure in the nucleus makes ribosomes
Nucléolus
What is the function of the pores in the nuclear envelope
Allow rna to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
What is the function of the envelope around a virus
Defence against immune attack
What is the viral envelope made of
Made of previous host cell