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Histology Lecture Test 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main lines of Defense

A

1.Protective surface mechanism
2. innate immune system
3. Adaptive Immune system

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2
Q

Protective surface mechanism

A

-1st line of defense in skin and mucous membranes
-defensins
-lysozyme

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3
Q

Defensins

A

-short antimicrobial peptides
-found in surface mucus

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4
Q

lysozyme

A

secreted in tears and salvia

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5
Q

innate immune system

A

-rapid
-WBCs, proteins, and peptides
-same magnitude each time

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6
Q

Initial Innate response cause

A

inflammation

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7
Q

Acute Inflammation is characterized by

A

-vascular changes (including dilation)
- enhanced permeability of capillaries
-increase blood flow

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8
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

-can learn
-more specific response
-depends on lymphocytes
-requires antigen presenting cell

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9
Q

Cellular response of the Adaptive Immune System

A

T- cells (goes and attacks)

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10
Q

Humoral response of the Adaptive Immune System

A

B cells

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11
Q

Adaptive response modifies some of the innate response

A

opsonization
complement cascade

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12
Q

What are the major components of the immune system?

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
- macrophages
-natural killer cells
-complement
-chemokines

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13
Q

natural killer cells

A

recognize and kill virus infected and cancerous cells

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14
Q

complement

A
  • organisms to facilitate phagocytosis
    Chemoattractant for various cells
    -Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills cells by puncturing plasma membrane
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15
Q

Dense Lymphoid Tissue

A

-organized into discreet structure or organ
-can take out

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16
Q

Examples of dense Lymphoid Tissue

A

-lymph nodes
-spleen
-thymus
-tonsil

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17
Q

diffuse Lymphoid Tissue

A

-located throughout the body
-common in respiratory and digestive tract

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18
Q

Both dense and diffuse Lymphoid Tissue contain

A

a large number of lymphocytes

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19
Q

MALT

A

mucus associated lymphoid Tissue

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20
Q

Primary Lymphoid Tissue

A

b or T cell acquire receptors (where they become mature)

Bone marrow - B cells
thymus - T cells

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21
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

A

where b and T cells migrate after becoming mature

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22
Q

Lymphomas

A

malignant tumor of the immune system

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23
Q

leukemias

A

cancer of the blood

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24
Q

lymphatic vessels

A
  • in connective tissue
    -blind-ended
    -easy to get in hard to get out
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25
Lymphocyte
-constantly patrol - in blood, lymph, or extracellular fluid -B and T cell
26
What activates Lymphocyte?
antigen is presented to their surface receptor
27
T cells must bind to
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) -binding also depending de on shape and charge
28
B Cell receptors
- huge variety -binding depending de on shape and charge
29
T cells migrate from _______ to _______
bone marrow, thymus
30
T helper cells (TH cells)
-help other cells - secrete mediators
31
What cells do T helper cells help?
B cells cytotoxic T cells macrophages
32
Cytotoxic T cells
-kill virus infected and some cancer cells -require TH cells to become active
33
Regulatory T cells (TREG)
-suppress immune responsiveness to self -switch off response when antigen is removed
34
Memory T cells
provide rapid reaction to subsequent encounter with the same antigen (basis of vaccination)
35
Memory T cells develop from
activated T cells
36
B cells mature into
plasma cell
37
Plasma Cell
-make large amount of antibodies
38
What are the 5 major antibodies?
IgG Ig A Ig E Ig D Ig M
39
Activivated B cells
- make clones of themselves -make memory B cells
40
Lymph nodes have a lot
of afferent (coming in)
41
Normally How many efferents leave the lymph node?
1
42
Lymph nodes are considered
dense secondary tissue
43
Functions of the Lymph nodes
*Non-specific filter * Interaction of circulating lymphocytes with Antigen in lymph * Aggregation, activation, & proliferation of B-cells with subsequent Ab production * Aggregation & proliferation of T-cells & induction of cytotoxic immunity
44
Lymph nodes arranged in
chains or clusters along vessels lymphatic origin
45
Examples of Lymph nodes
-submandibular -cervical -axillary -femoral -popliteal
46
lymphoid cell
-lymphocytes of all types -enter node via bloodstream
47
immune accessory cell
Antigen presenting cell
48
What are examples of immune accessory cell?
macrophage B cells T cells dendritic cell
49
Follicular Dendritic Cells
macrophage travels to lymph node to present antigen
50
Follicular Dendritic Cells are at
periphery of germinal centers
51
Tingle Body Macrophage
in the center of germinal centers
52
Stromal cells
fibroblasts & reticular cells ( make 3D space)
53
lymph node capsule
-outer fibrous layer -dense irregular connective tissue
54
Cortex of the lymph node
-contains b and T cells and plasma cells - less cellular -dense -follicle found here
55
Medullary Cords
extension of the cortical tissue into the medulla
56
Medullary Sinuses
-broad lymphatic channels that separate the Medullary Cords -in inner medulla -converge at hilum
57
Medullary Sinuses contain
lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages
58
Where does blood enter and leave the lymph node?
hilum
59
1' follicle
densely packed
60
2' follicle
-less dense -germinal center - where lymphocytes are responding to antigens -B cell proliferation
61
What cause the enlargement and swelling of lymph node?
proliferation of lymphocytes
62
What is the region that surround the germinal center?
mantle or marginal zone (region of antigen presentation)
63
subcapsular sinus
-space under capsule -afferent lymph vessels drain into
64
On what side of the subcapsular sinus do you find Endothelium that is continuous?
near the capsule (prevents leaking)
65
On what side of the subcapsular sinus do you find Endothelium that is discontinuous?
near the cortex
66
Post capillary venues in the lymph node are called
high endothelial venules
67
high endothelial venules are located at
located in deep, inner cortex of node at corticomedullary junction, or paracortical zone
68
B and T cells leave the blood stream and enter the bloodstream via | (process)
diapedesis
69
addressins
-complementary adhesion molecules that facilitate diapedesis - present on both endothelial cells & lymphocyte
70
high endothelial venules lined by
cuboidal or columnar endothelium
71
Where does lymph return to the blood stream?
-Thoracic duct -Right lymphatic duct
72
Function of the Thymus
-clonal proliferation of cytotoxicT cells -clonal deletion of self antibodies -production of mature T cells -secretion of hormones
73
Failure of clonal deletion leads to
autoimune diease
74
Thymus interlobular septa
divide thymus into lobes
75
cortex of the Thymus
packed with lymphocytes (mostly T cells and macrophages)
75
Thymus is limited to _______ clonal expansion of T cells
local (NO 2' follicles)
76
Medula of the Thymus contains
B cells plasma cells macrophages (is less cellular than LN)
77
Nurse Cells
-epithelial cells in thymus provide nurse function & structural suppor
78
hassal Corpuscles
-eosinophilic, lamellated -in both medulla (more common) & cortex -represent degenerate reticular & epithelial nurse cells | in thymus
79
Nurse Cells secrete
thymotaxin thymosin thymopoietin (T cell differentiation)
80
Thymus becomes
fat with age
81
Blood thymus barrier
-connective tissue shealth -forms continuous antigenic barrier (isolates thymus from immune system)
81

Histology Lecture Test 2 (12 decks)

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