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MLS 416 Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics > Hypersensitivity Reactions > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe hypersensitivity reactions.

A

An exaggerated immune response to a typically harmless antigen.

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2
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity reactions are there?

A

Four.

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3
Q

Type I, II, and III hypersensitivity reactions are classified as…

A

antibody mediated.

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4
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction can be classified as…

A

sensitized T cells.

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5
Q

Type I hypersensitivity is primarily due to…

A

Anaphylactic hypersensitivity due to allergies.

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6
Q

What are the key components of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgE, Mast cells, Basophils, Eosinophils.

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7
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, food allergies, skin reactions, anaphylaxis.

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8
Q

What are the primary methods of testing for Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Skin testing - percutaneous or intradermal.

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9
Q

What is a positive result for Type I hypersensitivity skin testing?

A

Wheal and flare at the site of application; diameter >3-4 mm is a positive result for that particular allergen.

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10
Q

What are other testing methods are used for Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Allergen specific IgE testing, total IgE testing.

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11
Q

Type II hypersensitivity is classified as antibody-mediated ___.

A

cytotoxic hypersensitivity.

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12
Q

Which immunoglobulins are directed against cell surface antigens in Type II hypersensitivity?

A

IgG and IgM.

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13
Q

What effects does Type II hypersensitivity have on antibodies?

A

Cell destruction; inhibition of cell function; increase in cell function.

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14
Q

What are clinical examples of Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Transfusion reaction; hemolytic disease of the newborn; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; Goodpasture’s syndrome; Hashimoto’s disease.

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15
Q

Define Goodpasture’s syndrome.

A

A Type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves antibodies attacking tissues, specifically the kidneys and lungs.

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16
Q

What laboratory methods are used in Type II hypersensitivity testing?

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) and Indirect Antiglobulin Test (Coombs test).

17
Q

What occurs with a positive DAT test?

A

Agglutination.

18
Q

The Coombs test tests patient serum for what?

A

Antibodies to RBC antigens.

19
Q

Type III hypersensitivity is classified as…

A

Complex-mediated hypersensitivity.

20
Q

In Type III hypersensitivity, what precipitates out and deposits into tissues?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes.

21
Q

In Type III hypersensitivity, complement binds causing ___ and ___ to increase.

A

vasodilation; vasopermeability.

22
Q

In Type III hypersensitivity, ___ and ___ migrate and release lysosomal enzymes which cause tissue damage.

A

macrophages; neutrophils.

23
Q

Describe the Arthus reaction in Type III hypersensitivity.

A

A skin reaction with localized inflammation with redness and edema that peaks around 3-8 hours.

24
Q

Describe serum sickness in Type III hypersensitivity.

A

Passive immunization of humans with animal serum. Antibodies are produced against the foreign animal proteins and immune complexes are deposited into tissues.

25
Q

What are the laboratory testing methods used for Type III hypersensitivity?

A

ANA testing; fluorescence staining of tissue sections to detect immune complexes; testing for RF; testing complement levels.

26
Q

In Type III hypersensitivity, a decreased complement level in serum is indicative to what?

A

High disease activity.

27
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity is classified as what?

A

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity.

28
Q

What types of cells are involved in Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Th1 cells and macrophages.

29
Q

In Type IV hypersensitivity, Th1 cells release ___ that attract and activate macrophages.

A

cytokines.

30
Q

In Type IV hypersensitivity, macrophages induce ___.

A

inflammation.

31
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity peaks ___-___ hours after antigen exposure.

A

48-72.

32
Q

What are the clinical manifestations for Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Contact dermatitis; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; infections with intracellular pathogens.

MLS 416 Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics (33 decks)

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