Hydration and Nutrition

Question 1

What are the 3 macronutrients?

Answer 1

1) . Carbohydrates.
2) . Fat.
3) . Protein.

Question 2

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

• Main source of energy.

- Sugars, starches and fibre.

Question 3

What are the functions of fat?

Answer 3

• Provides energy and essential fatty acids.

- Essential fatty acids cant be produced by the body.

Question 4

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 4

• Provides amino acids (building blocks).

- Provides energy.

Question 5

What are amino acids necessary for?

Answer 5

• Growth.
• Development.
• Repair.

Question 6

What are the 6 essential vitamins?

Answer 6

• Vitamin E.
• Vitamin A.
• Vitamin D.
• Vitamin K.
• Vitamin C.
• Vitamin B complex.

Question 7

What is the function of Vitamin E?

Answer 7

• Antioxidant = protects cell membrane.
• Maintains healthy skin, eyes.
• Strengthens the immune system.

Question 8

What is the function of Vitamin A?

Answer 8

• Embryonic development.
• Organ formation during fetal development.
• Normal immune function.
• Eye development and vision.

Question 9

What is the function of Vitamin D?

Answer 9

Essential for absorption of calcium and health bones.

Question 10

What is the function of Vitamin K?

Answer 10

Required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins.

Question 11

What is the function of Vitamin C?

Answer 11

• Important for collagen synthesis.
• Important for healthy connective tissue.
• Helps wound healing.

Question 12

What is the function of Vitamin B complex?

Answer 12

• Role in cell metabolism and energy production from carbs, fats and proteins.
• Role in cell growth and division.
• Red blood cell production.
• Role in the function of the nervous system.

Question 13

What is the route of water through the body?

Answer 13

1) . Drink.
2) . Oesophagus –> stomach.
3) . Small intestine (water is absorbed) –> ileum.
4) . Large intestine (water is absorbed).
5) . Small veins (drains blood from GI tract).
6) . Blood goes to liver –> heart –> lungs –> back to heart –> aorta.
7) . Blood goes to kidneys.
8) . Urine (amount varies due to fluid balance).

Question 14

What patient factors influence food and fluid intake?

Answer 14

• Loss of appetite.
• Depression.
• Pain.
• Swallowing difficulties.
• Inability to eat/drink independently.

Question 15

What organisational factors influence food and fluid intake?

Answer 15

• Being in a strange environment.
• Low staffing levels.
• Poor food/drink choices.
• Lack of social interactivity.

Question 16

What is the physiological explanation of a fall in blood pressure?

Answer 16

Lack of water:

• reduce blood volume.
• leads to a reduction in cardiac output and blood pressure.

Question 17

What is the capillary refill time (CRT)?

Answer 17

Time it takes for normal colour to return in pad of middle finger following release of pressure.

Question 18

What is the physiological explanation of a fall in capillary refill time (CRT)?

Answer 18

Less fluid in blood vessels:

• CRT will increase to more than 2 seconds.

Question 19

What is skin turgor?

Answer 19

Pinched skin falls back to normal.

Question 20

What is the physiological explanation of a reduction in skin turgor?

Answer 20

When skin isn’t hydrated:

• lacks water in dermis.
• fold of skin will take longer to fall back to its normal position when released.

Question 21

Why does urine change colour?

Answer 21

Urine becomes paler:

• as concentration of water increases.

Urine becomes darker:

• as concentration of water decreases.

Question 22

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted?

Answer 22

Posterior hypothalamus –>

Posterior pituitary gland.

Question 23

What is the effect of less ADH?

Answer 23

More urine.