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Physiology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What type of glands are hormones secreted from?

A

Endocrine.

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2
Q

What glands are responsible for the control and levels of hormones in the body?

A
  • Hypothalamus.

- Pituitary gland.

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3
Q

Name the endocrine glands?

A
  • Pituitary.
  • Hypothalamus.
  • Pancreas.
  • Testes/ovaries.
  • Mammary glands.
  • Thyroid/parathyroid.
  • Adrenal cortex/medulla.
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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which control how we respond to the environment around us.

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5
Q

What are the key roles hormones play?

A
  • Growth and development.
  • Sleep.
  • Sexual function.
  • Reproduction.
  • Metabolism.
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance.
  • Emotions and moods.
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6
Q

What is a target cell?

A

Particular cells that are able to receive and respond to the hormones message.

  • They possess the appropriate hormone receptors.
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7
Q

How do hormones travel from the endocrine gland to the target cell?

A

Through the bloodstream.

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8
Q

Which part of the target cell do hormones connect to?

A

The receptor.

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9
Q

How do hormones differ from neuronal signalling?

A
  • Spread slowly.

- Act throughout the body.

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10
Q

What are some of the changes hormones produce in the target cell?

A
  • Permeability of the cell membrane.
  • Stimulation of synthesis of proteins.
  • Activation or deactivation of enzymes.
  • Stimulation of cell division.
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11
Q

What does the change in the target cell depend on?

A
  • The specific hormone.

- Type of target cell.

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12
Q

What are the 2 main groups of hormones?

A

1) . Steroid hormones.

2) . Protein hormones.

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13
Q

What is a steroid hormone?

A

derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble molecules.

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14
Q

What are protein hormones?

A

Consist of amino acids.

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15
Q

What is a short strong of amino acids called?

A

Peptide hormone.

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16
Q

What is a single modified amino acid called?

A

Amine hormones.

17
Q

Why are activities in the body controlled and co-ordinated?

A

so that homeostasis is maintained.

18
Q

Which group of hormones are released when the endocrine gland is stimulated by a specific signal?

A

Protein hormones.

19
Q

Which group of hormones are not stored in endocrine glands, and released as soon as they are made?

A

Steroid hormones.

20
Q

Which receptors do steroid hormones interact with on the target cell?

A

Cytoplasmic receptors (intracellular receptors).

21
Q

Which receptors do protein hormones interact with on the target cell?

A

Interact with the cell surface receptors (plasma membrane receptors).

22
Q

What is the genomic effect?

A

Steroid hormones =

  • bind passively to large receptor molecules in target cells.
  • steroid-receptor complex binds to DNA.
  • altering the expression of certain genes.
23
Q

How do protein hormones interact with target cells?

A
  • Hormone receptor complex activates chemicals (second messengers).
  • These diffuse through the target cell and activate enzymes.
  • Leads to activation of further enzymes in a cascade reaction.
  • Activates the cell.
24
Q

How do steroid hormones interact with target cells?

A
  • Steroid hormone binds to steroid receptor in cytoplasm.
  • Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus.
  • Complex binds to receptor sites on chromatin.
  • Activates mRNA transcription.
25
Q

What embeds the protein hormone receptors?

A

Phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

26
Q

How is hormone synthesis and release controlled?

A

By positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

27
Q

What are the 3 ways endocrine glands, tissues or cells controlled?

A

1) . Chemical (ions/nutrients).
2) . Neural.
3) . Hormonal (from hypothalamus and pituitary gland).

28
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Detect internal/external stimuli.

- Link between the nervous system and endocrine system.

29
Q

What is the link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Producing releasing and inhibiting hormones which regulate the action of the anterior pituitary gland.

30
Q

How are hormones transported in the blood?

A

Attached to plasma proteins.

31
Q

What do steroid hormones require in order to be transported?

A

A binding protein.

32
Q

Which type of hormones are freely transported in the blood?

A

Water soluble.

33
Q

Are steroid hormones water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

Lipid soluble.

Physiology (38 decks)

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