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Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs in the digestive tract?

A

1) . Tongue.
2) . Salivary glands.
3) . Epiglottis.
4) . Esophagus.
5) . Stomach.
6) . Liver.
7) . Galbladder.
8) . Duodenum.
9) . Pancreas.
10) . Colon (large intestine).
11) . Ileum (small intestine).
12) . Appendix.
13) . Rectum.
14) . Anus.

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs involved in digestion?

A

1) . Bile production (in liver).
2) . Hepatic duct.
3) . Bile storage (in galbladder).
4) . Digestive enzyme production (in pancreas).
5) . Pancreatic duct.
6) . Bile duct.
7) . Duodenum.

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3
Q

What are the 4 quadrants in the abdominal cavity?

A

1) . Right upper quadrant.
2) . Left upper quadrant.
3) . Right lower quadrant.
4) . Left lower quadrant.

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4
Q

What are the organs in each abdominal quadrant?

A

1). Right upper quadrant =

  • Liver.
  • Galbladder.
  • Transverse colon.
  • Pancreas.

2). Left upper quadrant =

  • Spleen.
  • Stomach.

3). Right lower quadrant =

  • Small intestine.
  • Ascending colon.

4). Left lower quadrant =

  • Descending colon.
  • Signoid colon.
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5
Q

What component of the digestive system is responsible for ingestion?

A

Mouth.

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6
Q

What component of the digestive system is responsible for propulsion?

A

Movement of peristalsis =

  • oesophagus.
  • stomach.
  • small/large intestine.
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7
Q

What components of the digestive system are responsible for digestion?

A

1). Mouth =

  • tongue.
  • teeth.
  • saliva.

2) . Stomach =
- churn (chemically/mechanically).
3) . Small intestine =
- chemically.

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8
Q

What component of the digestive system are responsible for absorption?

A

Small intestine =

  • digested molecules move across the GI tract in to the blood.
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9
Q

What component of the digestive system are responsible for assimilation?

A

Molecules move from the blood to the cells and become part of the body tissue.

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10
Q

What component of the digestive system is responsible for eliminating waste?

A

Rectum and anus.

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11
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • Break down starch.
  • Enzyme (lysozyme) destroys bacteria.
  • Contains bicarbonate which neutralises acid preventing dental cavities.
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12
Q

What prevents food from entering the trachea?

A

Epiglottis.

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13
Q

Where does swallowing move food?

A

Mouth –> pharyx –> oesophagus.

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14
Q

What function is the pharynx important in?

A

Respiration.

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15
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract wall?

A
  1. Mucosa (1st layer).
  2. Submucosa (2nd layer).
  3. Muscularis (3rd layer).
  4. Serosa (outer layer).
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16
Q

What do the 4 layers of the GI wall surround?

A

Lumen (in the centre).

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17
Q

Where does the GI tract start/end?

A

Start = mouth.

End = anus.

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18
Q

What tissue makes up the mucosa?

A

Epithelial tissue.

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19
Q

Why is the mucosa subjected to wear and tear?

A

Food is in direct contact with it.

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20
Q

What are the different types of epithelial cells involved in the GI tract?

A

1). Squamous cells =

  • mouth.
  • oesophagus.
  • rectum.

2). Columnar cells =

  • stomach.
  • small intestine.
  • colon.
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21
Q

What specialised cells secrete mucus in to mucosa?

A

Goblet cells.

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22
Q

What specialised cells secrete chemicals needed for digestion?

A
  • Chief cells.

- Parietal cells.

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23
Q

What type of tissue make up the submucosa?

A

Loose connective tissue.

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24
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

Nerves, blood and lymph vessels.

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25
Q

What does the blood supply to the submucosa allow?

A

Nourishment of tissues and absorbs products of digestion.

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26
Q

What 2 layers of smooth muscle does the muscularis contain?

A

1) . Circular.

2) . Longitudinal.

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27
Q

What is responsible for peristalsis in the muscularis?

A

Coordinated contraction.

28
Q

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for the voluntary parts of swallowing (mouth…)?

A

Skeletal muscle.

29
Q

What type of tissue makes up the serosa?

A

Loose fibrous tissue.

30
Q

What does the serosa contain?

A

Nerves, blood and lymph vessels.

31
Q

What is the main function of serosa?

A

Protection.

32
Q

What does the oesophaguss connect the pharynx to?

A

Stomach.

33
Q

What is the wall of the oesophagus made up of?

A

Muscular tissue.

34
Q

Why doe mucus glands secrete mucus in the oesophagus?

A

To keep the lining moist and lubricated.

35
Q

What causes peristalsis in the oesophagus?

A

Contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles.

36
Q

Why does the oesophagus have an upward curve as it goes into the diaphragm?

A

To prevent food backflow.

37
Q

What prevents reflux in the oesphagus?

A

Cardiac/lower sphincter.

38
Q

What 3 parts does the stomach divide into?

A

1) . Fundus =
- near cardiac sphincter.
2) . Body =
- middle part.
3) . Antrum =
- lower part.

39
Q

What sphincter does the antrum (lower part of stomach) contain?

A

Pyloric sphincter.

40
Q

What is your stomachs capacity?

A

500ml - 4L or 6.5L.

41
Q

What allows expansion in the stomach?

A

Rugae (folds) –> flatten for extra room.

42
Q

What is chyme?

A

Mixture produced by the stomach by mixing food with gastric juice (churning).

43
Q

Where does the chyme get squirted to?

A

In to the dueodenum via the pyloric sphincter.

44
Q

What are the specialised cells in the gastric mucosa?

A
  • Goblet cells.
  • Parietal cells.
  • G cells.
  • Chief cells.
45
Q

What do goblet cells do in the gastric mucosa?

A

Produce mucus to coat and protect stomach lining.

46
Q

What do parietal cells do in the gastric mucosa?

A

Produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

47
Q

What do G cells do in the gastric mucosa?

A

Produce hormone (gastrin) which regulates gastric secretion.

48
Q

What do chief cells do in the gastric mucosa?

A

Produce pepsinogen –> chemically breaks down protein molecules.

49
Q

Summarise the specialised cells functions in gastric mucosa?

A

1) . Goblet cells =
- mucus (coat + protect).
2) . Parietal cells =
- hydrochloric + intrinsic factor (absorb vit B12).
3) . G cells =
- gastrin (regulate).
4) . Chief cells =
- pepsinogen (break down protein).

50
Q

What role does mucus have when goblet cells secrete it?

A

Protects the mucosal lining against the acidic environment.

51
Q

What 3 sections is the small intestine divided into?

A

1) . Duodenum.
2) . Jejunum.
3) . Ileum.

52
Q

What is the duodenum?

A
  • Secretes alkaline mucus = neutralises acidic chyme.

- Liver and pancreas connect to it.

53
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Follows duodenum.

54
Q

What is the ileum?

A
  • Follows jejunum.

- Attached to large intestine at the ileocaecal sphincter.

55
Q

Where does the process of digestion end?

A

Small intestine.

56
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into (during digestion)?

A

Simple sugars.

57
Q

What are proteins broken down into (during digestion)?

A

Amino acids.

58
Q

What are fats broken down into (during digestion)?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

59
Q

Where is 90% of digested food absorbed?

A

Small intestines walls.

60
Q

What transport mechanisms allow digested food to be absorbed in the small intestine?

A
  • Diffusion.

- Active transport.

61
Q

Where do undigested and unabsorbed food enter?

A

Large intestine.

62
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Absorption of water and electrolytes.
  • Storage and elimination of faeces.
  • Bacteria digest some polysaccharides.
  • Bacteria produce vitamins K+B.
  • Appendix has immune functions.
63
Q

What valve prevents feaces going back into the ileum?

A

Ileocaecal valve.

64
Q

What is the function of the liver in digestion?

A

Makes bile which emulsifies fats and acid absorption.

65
Q

What is the function of the gal bladder in digestion?

A

Stores bile ready for secretion in to the duodenum.

66
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

A

Makes pancreatic juice.

67
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A
  • Digestive enzymes.

- Bicarbonate ions.

Physiology (38 decks)

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