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Physiology > Fluid Balance > Flashcards

Fluid Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Why is water important?

A
  • Transport of nutrients, electrolytes, waste.
  • Temp regulation.
  • Lubrication.
  • Chemical reagent.
  • Blood pressure.
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2
Q

What percentage of the body weight is water?

A

40-80%.

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3
Q

What are the 2 fluid compartments in the body?

A

1) . Extracellular fluid (ECF).

2) . Intracellular fluid (ICF).

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of extracellular fluid?

A

1) . Interstitial fluid =
- found outside the cells.
2) . Intravascular fluid =
- in blood plasma.

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5
Q

What percentage of body fluid is ECF?

A

40%.

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6
Q

Where is intracellular fluid found?

A

Within the cell.

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7
Q

What percentage of body fluid is ICF?

A

60%.

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8
Q

What separates the 2 fluids?

A

Cell membrane.

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9
Q

How is blood volume determined?

A
  • Amount of water + sodium ingested.
  • Excreted by kidneys into the urine.
  • And lost through GI tract, lungs and skin.
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10
Q

What happens to arteries when there is a higher volume of fluid?

A

Greater the pressure against arterial walls.

  • rise in blood pressure.
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11
Q

What happens when there is lower arterial blood volume?

A

Lower arterial blood pressure.

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12
Q

Summarise the homesostatic response to a fall in blood volume?

A

ADH release from hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland.

  • water content in blood becomes normal.
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13
Q

What is the homesostatic response to a fall in blood volume?

A
  • Detected by baroreceptors/osmoreceptors.
  • Hypothalamus produces ADH.
  • Posterior pituitary releases more ADH.
  • ADH increases water reabsorption in DCT and collecting ducts in nephrons.
  • Blood volume increases.
  • Blood pressure increases.
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14
Q

What hormonal system regulates blood pressure/fluid balance?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).

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15
Q

When does the RAAS kick in?

A

When blood volume is low.

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16
Q

Which specialist cells in the kidneys secretes renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells.

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17
Q

What is the effect of secreting renin?

A

Causes angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I.

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18
Q

Where is angiotensinogen preoduced?

A

Liver.

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19
Q

Where does angiotensin I travel to in order to be converted?

A

Lungs.

20
Q

What is angiotensin I converted to once it has reached the lungs?

A

Angiotensin II.

21
Q

What enzymes causes angiotensin I to convert to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).

22
Q

How does angiotensin II increase blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction =

  • increases peripheral resistance.
23
Q

What gland does angiotensin II stimulate?

A

Adrenal glands =

  • to secrete aldosterone.
24
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone?

A

Decreases urine production in the kidneys.

25
Q

How does aldosterone decrease urine production in the kidneys?

A

Exchanging potassium for sodium in distal renal tubule =

  • sodium reabsorption.
  • potassium secretion.
26
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone on blood pressure?

A

Raises it.

27
Q

What other hormone does angiotensin II stimulate?

A

ADH (acts of DCT + collecting ducts) =

  • increases water reabsorption.
28
Q

Summarise the process of RAAS?

A

1) . Renin –> angiotensin –> angiotensin I.
2) . Angiotensin –> angiotensin II (via ACE).
3) . Angiotensin II –> aldosterone (adrenal).

29
Q

What are the actions of angiotensin II?

A
  • Causes vasoconstriction.
  • Stimulates aldosterone secretion.
  • Stimulates thirst sensation.
  • Stimulates ADH secretion to increase water reabsorption.
30
Q

Where is the oscoreceptors located?

A

Hypothalamus.

31
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A
  • Carotid sinus.

- Aortic arch.

32
Q

What are the receptors, controllers and effectors in the regulation of blood pressure by ADH?

A

1). Receptor =

  • baroreceptor.
  • osmoreceptor.

2) . Controller =
- ADH.
3) . Effectors =

  • distal convoluted tubules (DCT).
  • collecting ducts.
33
Q

What way does ADH and RAAS regulate blood pressure?

A

Hormonally.

34
Q

What is high blood pressure also known as?

A

Hypertension.

35
Q

What is the pharmacological approach to blood pressure management (hypertension)?

A

Diuretics.

36
Q

What are the different classes of diuretics that manage blood pressure?

A
  • Loop diuretics.
  • Thiazides.
  • ACE inhibitors.
37
Q

Name some loop diuretics?

A
  • Furosemide.
  • Bumetanide.
  • Lasix.
38
Q

What do loop diuretics do?

A
  • Act on the loop of Henle.
  • Inhibit the reabsorption of sodium.
  • Sodium excreted through urine.
39
Q

When are loop diuretics used?

A

More serious cases of hypertension.

40
Q

Why are loop diuretics used sparingly?

A
  • Toxicity.

- Potential to cause dehydration.

41
Q

Name some thiazides?

A
  • Bendroflumenthiazide.
  • Indapamide.
  • Xipamide.
42
Q

What do thiazides do?

A

Inhibit sodium reabsorption at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

43
Q

Name some ACE inhibitors?

A
  • Lisinpril.
  • Perindopril.
  • Captopril.
  • Enalapril.
44
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A
  • Produce vasoconstriction by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II.
  • Decrease blood pressure.
45
Q

Summarise the different classes of antihypertensive drugs?

A

1) . Loop diuretics =
- inhibit sodium reabsorption.
2) . Thiazides =
- inhibits sodium reabsorption in DCT.
3) . ACE inhibitors =
- produce vasoconstriction –> inhibit angiotensin II.

Physiology (38 decks)

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