HWK SB5 (-6) Flashcards
W# HWK blocks (74-85,B1-B3) Missing blocks 74,75,76,77,78,79
what kidney condition will not improve w/ IVF?
hepatorenal synd
what do the labs look like in renal hypoperfusion?
- AKI
- decr uNa (<10 mEq/L)
- no casts, protein or blood in urine
when should you suspect prerenal cause of AKI?
- low BP
- dehydrated state
- BUN:Cr > 20
sudden onset resp distress (coughing, choking, wheezing) + air trapping on CXR are suspicious for what?
foreign body aspiration
what are the radiographical signs of air trapping?
unilat hyperinflation + mediastinal shift away from blocked side
what test confirms/tx foreign body aspiration?
immediate rigid bronchoscopy
how does fibromuscular dysplasia present on P/E?
- abd bruit
- subauricular bruit
what are 2 common presenting s/s in fibromuscular dysplasia?
- HA (2/2 internal carotid a. stenosis)
- 2* HTN (RAS)
what presents w/ internal male genitalia, external female genitalia, female phenotype @ birth and virulization @ puberty?
5-alpha-reductase def
why do m w/ 5-alpha-reductase def only develop internal male genitalia?
have T –> nL internal genitalia development
can’t make DHT –> no external genitalia or prostate development
what conditions can present w/ pulsus bisferiens (biphasic pulse)?
- severe AR
- HOCM
- large PDA
viral myocarditis + large pericardial effusion 2/2 viral infx both present w/ h/o recent infx, fatigue, SOB, incr JVP and cardiomegally. how do you distinguish the 2 on p/e?
viral myocarditis –> S3 + vasc congestion on CXR
Lg pleural effusion –> clear lungs + nonpalp PMI
what is erythema toxicum neonatum?
-benign neonatal rash w/ blanching red papules/pustules
how do you tx erythema toxicum neonatum?
you don’t. it’s seld-limiting and w/ resolve w/in 2 wks of birth
what is enthesitis?
achilles tendon inflammation/pain
outside of the triad (can’t see, pee, or climb a tree), what symp are common in reactive arthritis?
- enthesitis
- mucocutaneous lesions (oral ulcers)
when should you suspect reactive arthritis?
asymmetric oligoarthritis assoc w/ urethritis, conjunctivitis and/or mouth ulcers
what is the 1st line tx for reactive arthritis?
NSAIDS
how long does it usually take an MS flare to resolve?
days –> weeks
what LE condition can present like MS but resolves in a few hours?
common peroneal neuropathy (2/2 n. compression)
how does common peroneal neuropathy present?
- foot drop + decr sensation of dorsal foot and lat. shin
- decr dorsiflexion
- decr big toe extension
- nL plantar flexion
- nL DTRs
chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are C/I in ____?
liver dz
what are the IV benzos?
- lorazepam
- diazepam
- midazolam
what causes menieres dz?
incr vol or pressure of endolymph
how does menieres dz present?
- episodic vertigo
- sensorineural hearing loss
- tinnitis or ear fullness
what causes benign positional vertigo?
Ca debris in semicircular canals
how do you tx SSRI induced mania?
- D/C the offending SSRI
2. tx underlying bipolar disorder if needed
meth use during pregnancy can cause ___.
- spontaneous abortion
- pre-term labor
- IUGR
- pre-eclampsia
- placental abruption
randomization is use to control for what?
confounders during study design
when does selective survival bias occur?
- case control studies
- cases chosen from entire pop instead of newly dx cases only
how do simple renal cysts typically present?
- asymp
- can cause HTN, flank pain, hematuria, or proteinuria if very Lg
how do simple renal cysts look on imaging?
boring (round, monochromatic, unilocular)
how do malig renal masses look on imaging?
- multi-locular
- irreg walls
- thick septae
- contrast enhancement
which benzos do you give an alcoholic w/ liver dz?
LOT
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam
what do you not do if you suspect a pt is presenting w/ toxic megacolon?
-colonoscopy
-enema
(both incr risk of perforation)
what are the most likely causes of brain mets?
lung > breast > unknown 1* > melanoma > colon
which Ca –> mult lesion brain mets?
- lung
- malig melanoma
what does lung Ca brain mets typically look like on imaging?
multiple well circumscribed lesions w/ vasogenic edema @ grey-white matter junction
how does toxic megacolon present?
- systemic toxicity (incr HR, low BP, F)
- bloody diarrhea
- abd distension/ peritonitis
- marked colonic distension on imaging
what is the MCC death in ESRD?
cardiovascular dz
cardiovascular dz vs infx account for what % of cause of mortality in ESRD?
cardiovasc = 50%
infx >20%
what cause of joint pain presents w/ F + D + wt loss + PAS+ staining mphages?
whipple’s dz
infx that causes malabsorption and arthritis
seeing straight gridlines are curved suggests what?
decr fine visual acuity 2/2 macular degeneration
when does the pt lose the right to refuse tx?
when doing so poses a serious threat to public health and wellbeing
which vessels are occluded if inferior MI?
RCA or LCX
STEMI leads 2, 3, avF. what additional findings would suggest RCA occlusion?
ST depression in leads 1 and avL
STEMI leads 2, 3, avF. what additional findings would suggest LCX occlusion?
ST elevations in leads 1 and avL
how do you distinguish between RCA and LCX occlusion w/ STE of leads 2, 3, avF?
look at leads 1 and avL
if elevated = LCX. if depressed = RCA
what clinical symp are associated w/ inf. STEMI?
low BP, low HR, AV block
what meds have been show to decr mortality in pts w/ severe PCP infx?
corticosteroids
when do you give corticosteroids in PCP?
paO2 < 70 mmHg on room air
A-a > 35 mmHg on room air
how do you manage uncomplicated low back pain?
- NSAIDS
- m. relaxers
* *continue nL/moderate activities
what gifts are OK to accept from a 3rd party?
gifts that are non-monetary, low value and of direct benefit to pts
what is the most likely cause of pancytopenia if no splenomegally and no abn cells on peripheral smear?
aplastic anemia
what will be found on P/E if pancytopenia is 2/2 myelofibrosis (i.e. incr collagen or reticulin deposition in BM)?
hepatosplenomegally (2/2 extramedullary hematopoeisis)
when is prosthetic joint infx more likely to be caused by s. aureus than s. epidermidis?
< 3mos s/p implantation
> 12mos s/p implantation
clinically, how can you distinguish s. aureus prosthetic joint infx from s epidermidis infx?
s aureus = SICK (F + hot, red joint)
s epi = nL looking pt w/ chronic pain
what meds are associated w/ acute angle-closure glaucoma?
anti-cholinergics used for parkinson’s dz
what is trihexyphenidyl?
- an anticholinergic used to tx parkinson’s dz
- can cause glaucoma
what are the clinical features of GAD?
- excessive, incontrollable worry (mult. issues) >= 6 mos
- physical s/s >=3 mos (restlessness, fatigue, irritability, decr concentration, muscle tension, sleep disturbance)
what are the physical manifestations of GAD?
- restlessness
- fatigue
- irritability
- decr concentration
- m. tension
- sleep disturbance
what is the sole focus of social anxiety disorder?
fear of negative evaluation by society
what do kids w/ GAD present w/ ?
GI upset
what is subconjunctival hemorrhage?
- completely asymp red eye 2/2 minor injury/bruising
- MC self-resolves in 24-28 hrs
how does glaucoma present?
- vision loss
- dilated pupils
- erythema
- hard on palpation
- incr IOP
in the 1st 2yrs s/p kidney transplant, what condition might occur leading to decr renal f(x)?
RAS of the allograft
how does RAS present?
- HTN
- decr renal f(x) w/ onset of ACEi use
- abd bruit
- recurrent flash pulm edema
how will pt present if kidney transplant rejection is occurring?
AKI + F + graft site tenderness
what are the steps for the precocious puberty w/u?
- xray (will see advanced bone age)
- check LH (incr LH = central PP)
- if decr LH, do GnRH stim test
(incr LH = central PP. decr LH = peripheral PP) - imaging (brain MRI for central. Abd CT/pelvic U/S for peripheral)
you should have high suspicion for what condition if pt has jejunal ulcers?
zollinger ellison synd
when should you suspect ZES?
- multiple refrac duodenal ulcers
- jejunal ulcers
- ulcers + chronic diarrhea
what causes malabsorption in ZES?
incr stomach acid –> inactivation of pancreatic enzymes
how does Gilbert syndrome present?
jaundice provoked by stress
gilbert synd and G6PD def both present w/ jaundice provoked by stress. how do you distinguish between the two?
G6PD def = hemolytic anemia (low Hgb, incr LDH)
Gilbert synd = inability to conj bili (nL Hgb, nL LDH)
what are the labs for Gilbert synd?
- incr total (unconj) bili
- nL direct (conj) bili
- nL LFTs
direct hyperbilirubinemias that present w/ nL AST, ALT, and ALP = ?
- Dubin johnson synd
- rotor synd
elevated conj bili in urine suggests what?
- defect in bilirubin excretion
- hepatobilliary dz
what is dubin johnson synd?
- benign hereditary condition
- defect in hepatic excretion of conj bilirubin
how does hemochromotosis present?
- fatigue, arthralgias, hyperglycemia, skin hyperpigmentation
- abn LFTs
which chronic liver condition leads to black liver w/ pigments on bx?
dubin johnson synd
which organs are typically affected by graft vs host dz?
skin, intestine, liver
what causes graft vs host dz?
donor T cells attack recipient major and minor HLA antigens
how does acute interstitial nephritis present?
- AKI + F + rash + pyuria
- U/A = eosinophilia + WBC casts
- WILL NOT SEE FLANK PAIN OR WT LOSS
how will renal/perinephric abscesses present?
- F + flank pain + wt loss
- h/o UTI (=< 1-2 mos ago)
what features will 2* reynauds present w/ to distinguish it from 1* reynauds?
+ tissue injury (finger ulcers)
+ incr ANA and ESR
how do you w/u 2* reynauds?
- CBC, CMP
- U/A
- ANA, RF
- ESR, C3/C4
rare pts w/ cirrhosis may develop what condition?
cirrhosis –> ascites + sm defects in diaphragm –> hepatic hydrothorax
what pts are at low risk (<10%) for CAD?
- asymp (all ages)
- atypical chest pain F < 50 yo
what pts are at high risk (>90%) for CAD?
- typical angina M > 40 yo
- typical angina F >= 60 yo
what are the 3 features of classic angina?
- typical pain (substernal, dull ache/pressure, duration)
- provoked by exercise or emotional stress
- relieved by rest/nitroglycerin use
what electrolyte abn are common in chronic EtOH?
- low Mg
- low K
- low phos
how does Mg affect management of K?
inhibits renal K excretion
so low Mg –> incr K excretion and low serum K
low K that is difficult to replenish w/ K replacement is likely 2/2 what?
low Mg
type 1 and 2 RTA cause low K and are typically assoc w/ what metabolic derangement?
met acidosis
in met acidosis what do you expect bicarb level to be?
decr HCO3-
what is likely causing the esophagitis in an HIV pt if there is NO dysphagia and NO oral thrush seen on exam?
viral cause = CMV or HSV
what should be suspected if infective endocarditits pt developes an AV block?
perivalvular abscess
how does renal vein thrombosis present?
flank pain + hematuria + scrotal edema
why might you see scrotal edema in a M pt w/ nephropathy?
nephropathy –> decr antithrombin 3 –> hypercoag state –> renal v. thrombosis
what are the CI for the rotavirus vaccine?
- anaphylaxis to active ingredient
- h/o intussusception
- h/o uncorrected GI malformation
- SCID
can vaccines be given safely during minor infx (URI)?
yes
sudden onset SOB + CP + tachy w/ NO consolidation on CXR = ?
PE
what lung condition can cause unilat/bilat pleural effusions (typically sm. exudative and bloody)
PE
how do malig pulm effusions typically present?
- large volume
- progressive SOB
- take days–> wks to develope (subacute)
what are vascular rings?
congenital anomaly where the aortic arch vessels wrap around the trachea and/or esophagus
GERD predisposes to what 3 complaints?
- barrett’s esophagus
- erosive esophagitis
- esophageal stricture formation
how does PCKD present?
- HTN
- polyuria
- flank pain
- renal dysf(x)
- liver cysts
- cerebral aneurysms
what unilat flank mass typically presents w/ hematuria, F, and wt loss?
RCC
how does cryptosporidium infx present?
- large volume watery diarrhea
- no blood in diarhea
- low fever
- wt loss
how does MAC diarrhea present?
- watery diarrhea
- HIGH fever (>102.2)
- wt loss
what systems does CMV typically attack in AIDS pts CD4 < 50?
- retina
- neuro
- GI
how does GI CMV infx present in AIDS pt?
- freq sm vol bloody diarrhea
- abd pain
- low fever
- wt loss
which organism will cause bloody diarrhea in an AIDs pt?
CMV
how do you tx cervicofacial actinomyces?
- penicillin 2-6 mos
- sx (severe dz only)
what types of infx are tx w/ metronidazole?
- anaerobic infx
- parasitic infx
what is the tx for TCA OD?
- NaHCO3- (for heart)
- Benzos (for seizures)
why is nL/incr K seen in HHS/DKA despite total body K deficit?
intracellular K shifts into s in an attempt t replace the K being peed out (looks deceptively high)
why do HSS/DKA pts develop total body K deficit?
glucosuria induced osmotic diuresis –> incr u K
in HSS, will ADH be incr or decr?
incr (triggered by low BP and incr K 2/2 shift)
what metabolic derangement is to be expected w/ ASA OD?
anion gap metabolic acidosis + resp alkalosis (comp)
what are the clinical features of OCD?
obsessions + compulsions
what are the obsessions that are seen in OCD?
recurrent, intrusive, anxiety producing urges or images (can mimic psychosis)
what are compulsions? (hint: think OCD)
- response to obsessions w/ repeated behaviors or mental acts
- behaviors won’t realistically prevent the feared event but still serve to calm anxiety
what are the 1st and 2nd line pharm tx for OCD?
- SSRI
2. gen 2 antipsychotics
what is the 1st line tx for OCD?
exposure and response prevention based CBT
what is the tx for severe low Na w/o seizures?
NS + freq Na level rechecks
when would you give 3% hypertonic saline for low Na?
- pt presents w/ seizures
- low Na 2/2 SIADH
what is the tx for severe low Na in SIADH?
3% hypertonic saline
why do you give 3% saline for low Na 2/2 SIADH?
IVF [electrolyte] > urinary [electrolyte] to correct problem
what are the approx osm of NS and 1/2 NS?
- NS ~300 mOSM / kg H20
- 1/2 NS ~150 mOSM / kg H2O
when do you suspect HIT?
- on day 5-10 of heparin therapy
- pt presents w/ low plt + thrombus + > 50% reduc in plt from pre-heparin tx baseline
which is more likely to cause HIT enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin?
unfractionated heparin
what labs will be seen 2/2 cell lysis in tumor lysis synd?
- incr K, incr phos, incr uric acid
- decr Ca (2/2 phosphate binding)
pain w/ ejaculation suggests what?
chronic prostatitis
how does chronic prostatitis present?
- pain w/ ejaculation
- recurrent UTI
- tender prostate (+/-)
what is GGT?
marker of liver and bile duct damage
what is GGT used for?
- to detect liver and bile duct damage
- to r/o bone source of incr ALP
what GGT values are expected if cause of incr ALP is boney vs liver/biliary?
boney = nL ALP liver/biliary = incr GGT
what is LFCN compression called and how does it present?
- meralgia parasthetica
- lateral thigh pain, numbness, or parasthesia.
- NO weakness
what are some causes of incr maternal serum AFP?
- mult. gestation pregnancy
- open neural tube defect (anencephally and open spina bifida)
- ventral wall defects (omphalocele and gastroschesis)
what are some causes of low maternal serum AFP?
aneuploides (trisomy 18 and 21)
when do you check maternal AFP and what do you do if its elevated?
- wks 15-20 (ideal = wks 16-18)
- if elevated do thorough U/S looking for anatomical defects
what is the underlying pathological process/state of wegner’s?
vasculitis of sm and med-sized vessels
how does wegner’s present?
upper and lower resp tract granulomatous inflam + rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
what is gluconeogenesis and why is it important?
- process by which alanine, glutamine, lactate and G3-phosphate are converted to glucose
- after 24 hrs of fasting, gluconeogenesis is the body’s sole source of glucose production
why are benzos C/I in elderly pts?
- incr risk s/e (withdrawal, dependence, motor impairment)
- can worsen aggitation
- very long lasting (old ppl metabolize benzos slowly)
how does cryptosporidium diarrhea present?
- self-limited if CD4 > 180. chronic if CD4 < 180.
- large volume watery diarrhea
- low fever
- wt loss
- NO blood in stool. NO pain
what ABX = 1st line in suspected pneumococcal PNA?
- macrolides
- fluoroquinolones
- doxycycline
how does s pneumo PNA present?
F + pleuritic CP + SOB + productive cough w/ rusty sputum
which congenital heart defect exhibits a heart that looks like a boot on CXR?
ToF
is K incr/decr in met alkalosis 2/2 extensive emesis?
decr
pt presents w/ 5/7 of the MDD dx criteria. what is your 1st Q?
are they suicidal
what is the tx for PID?
outpt = IM ceftriaxone + PO doxy inpt = IV cefoxitin or cefotetan + PO doxy
why can gastrectomy –> vit B12 def?
decr parietal cells –> decr intrinsic factor –> decr vit B12 absorption
how does SAH present?
- HA (sudden onsent = thunderclap)
- neck pain/stiffness (meningeal irritation)
- FND = uncommon
what is diabetic nephropathy?
incr GFR (hyperfiltration) –> decr GFR w/ incr Cr + incr u. protein
how do you tx diabetic nephropathy?
- ACEi / ARB (slow progression)
- strict BG control (target HgA1c < 7%)
which presents w/ skin findings ehlers danlos or marfans?
ehlers danlos = stretchy skin that bruises easily +/- velvety w/ atrophy/scarring
(marfans only presents w/ striae)
what are the distinguishing MSK features of ehlers danlos vs marfans?
ED = high arched palate marfans = tall w/ long extremities
which presents w/ eye issues, aortic root dilation and spontaneous PTX, marfans or ehlers danlos?
marfans
which presents w/ hernias +/- uterine prolapse, marfans or ehlers danlos?
ehlers danlos
what is selection bias?
nonrandom sampling/tx allocation –> study population that is not representative of target pop
what is power?
= the probability that the test rejects the null hypothesis appropriately
= likelihood of avoiding a type 2 error
what is a type 1 error?
- FALSE POS conclusion
- diff in tx where there is not
- rejecting the null hypoth when you shouldn’t
what is a type 2 error?
- FALSE NEG conclusion
- no diff in tx when there is
- not rejecting the null hypoth when you should
what statistical value = % of T1 error occuring in a particular study?
p-value
power = ?
1 - type 2 error (B)
what is the defect in Dubin Johnson synd?
liver can’t excrete conj bilirubin into the biliary system
what are the expected labs in dubin johnson?
- incr direct (conj) bili
- nL LFTs
- nL ALP
what is the defect in Gilberts?
can’t conjugate bilirubin
what are the expected labs in gilberts?
-incr total (unconj) bilirubin
what will the synovial fluid look like in gouty arthritis?
- crystals (neg birefringent needle shaped)
- nonpurulent
- neg G stain
what is alcoholic ketoacidosis?
an acute metabolic acidosis 2/2 recent binge drinking + little/no nutritional intake
what reproductive system abn is seen in CF?
infertility (M > 95%, F ~20%)
what vit def = common in CF?
vit ADEK def
2/2 pancreatic insufficiency
why are most M w/ CF infertile?
absent vas deferens (azospermia)
how do you distinguish 1* ciliary dyskinesia from CF considering they present w/ the same resp s/s?
1* CD - 50 % situs invertus + immotile sperm + nL growth
CF - pancreatic inuff + azospermia + FTT
how does pheochromocytoma present?
- paroxysmal severe HTN
- HA
- pallor
- sinus tachy
what can trigger pheochromocytoma s/s?
- sx
- induction of anesthesia
- nonselective BB
- incr intrabd pressure (tumor palpation, positional changes)
how do you tx kawasaki dz?
ASA + IVIG
what is another name for NG tube placement?
nasogastric intubation
what are the s/e of thiazide diuretics?
HyperGLUC + decr Na/K/Mg High BG High lipids High uric acid High Ca Decr Na Decr K Decr Mg
what is migratory superficial thrombophlebitis (trousseau synd)?
hypercoag disorder that presents w/ unexplained superficial venous thrombosis @ unusual sites (arm and chest = common)
what is migratory superficial thrombophlebitis (trousseau synd) commonly assoc w/ ?
pancreatic ca > acute leukemias, lung, prostate, stomach, and colon ca
how does peripheral septic thrombophlebitis present?
- F + pain + edema @ infected site
- recent h/o catheter, venipuncture or IV injections
what are the MCCs of sinus infx?
- *s pneumo**
- h influ
- m caterhallis
what caues a hydrocele?
- patent processus vaginalis
2. failure of fluid w/in the tunica vaginalis to reabsorb after obliteration of the processus vaginalis
what does a patent processus vaginalis lead to?
communicating hydrocele
pt presents w/ decr ulnar n. distribution sensation + pain @ elbow. dx = ?
ulnar n. entrapment @ elbow
what is the MC sire of ulnar n. entrapment?
elbow (@ medial epicondylar groove)»_space; wrist > forearm
what comorbidity increases the likelihood of ulnar n entrapement in the forearm?
diabetes melitus
what lab abnormalities can hypothyroidism cause?
hint: think lipids
- incr total cholesterol
- incr LDL
- incr TG
your trauma pt is declared brain dead. what do you do?
- inform the family (empathetically) and answer any questions they may have. mention organ donation
- contact organ donor ppl to get them on board ASAP
what is the tx for menigococcal meningitis?
- Gen3 cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) + vanc
- NO steroids (WILL NOT help)
how should resp contacts be ppx for meningococcal meningitis?
rifampin + ciprofloxacin + ceftriaxone
how do you tx asymp UTI in pregnancy?
- nitrofurantoin
- amoxicillin
- cephalexin
how do you tx IBS?
- TCA (amitriptyline, nortriptyline)
- SSRI
* *add on anti-diarrheal meds and/or anti-constipation meds as needed
how does hereditary hemachromatosis present?
- bronze diabetes
- joint pain
- incr LFTs –> cirrhosis –> HCC
- 2* hypogonadism
- 2* hypothyroidism
- restrictive/dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction abn
- incr listeria, vibrio vulnificus and yersinia enterolitica infx
how do you decr risk of cirrhosis and HCC in hemachromatosis pts?
serial phlebotomy (drain excess Fe)
what is the best test for dx diverticulosis/diverticulitis?
abd CT
when is colonoscopy used to dx diverticulosis/itis?
- incidentally
- to find source of a GI bleed
what is toxic epidermal necrolysis?
severe synd w/ sudden onset mucocutaneous lesions + skin sloughing + systemic toxicity
what most commonly triggers TEN?
- ABX (sulfonamides)
- anticonvulsants
- allopurinol
which anticonvulsants trigger TEN?
- carbemazepine
- lamotrigine
- phenytoin
how do you distinguish between steven-johnson synd and toxic epidermal necrolysis?
SJS < 10% BSA affected
overlap synd = 10-30% BSA affected
TEN > 30% BSA affected