Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COMLEX Level 2CE > Final mock SB (F) > Flashcards

Final mock SB (F) Flashcards

Final mock blocks (F2 B1-4) Deck is full

1
Q

what is a galactocele?

A

benign milk retention cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when will a galactocele occur?

A

w/in a few mos of cessation of breast feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does galactocele present on p/e?

A

soft, mobile, nontender mass in the subareolar area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why are fibroademonas unlikely in breastfeeding mothers?

A

they incr in size 2/2 high estrogen and breast feeding mothers are estrogen deficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why do pts w/ R sided heart failure require careful diuresis?

A

they are preload dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what cortisol, ACTH and aldosterone levels are expected in 1* adrenal insufficiency?

A 
cortisol = decr
ACTH = incr
aldosterone = decr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type of steroid is aldosterone?

A

mineralocorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what should make you suspicious for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea?

A
  • pt has recent h/o significant wt loss
  • low BMI
  • progesterone challenge test fails to provoke bleeding (low estrogen state)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pts w/ 1* ovary insufficiency present w/ what s/s and what FSH level?

A
  • amenorrhea
  • vasomotor s/s
  • incr FSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pt develops F + n/v + vague abd pain 2-10 days s/p lap chole. bile ducts are nL on imaging. Dx = ?

A

bile leak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do you distinguish bile leak from retained gallstone s/p lap chole on imaging?

A

retained gallstone will have biliary dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a wider CI indicates what?

A

wider range of possible effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does lyme dz present other than the bulls-eye rash?

A
  • systemic s/s = fatigue, malaise, arthralgias
  • regional lymphadenopathy
  • neurologic = meningitis, CN palsy (twisted face), radicoloneuritis
  • cardiac = AV block
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are infantile hemangiomas?

A

benign vasc tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do infantile hemangiomas present?

A

bright red, raised nodules that grow during 1st year of life and then shrink over the next 8-9 yrs (nL gone by age 10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the MC solid malignancy in young men?

A

germ cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

young man presents w/ painless, ovoid, unilateral testicular mass that does not transilluminate. dx = ?

A

germ cell tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is required to dx germ cell tumor in young men?

A
  • radical orichectomy

- U/S and serum tumor markers are helpful but not diagnostic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is hematocele?

A

blood accumulation in the tunica vaginalis 2/2 testicular trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are hematocele painful or painless?

A

painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what clinicla findings do all TORCH infx present w/?

A
  • IUGR
  • hepatosplenomegally
  • jaundice
  • blueberry muffin spots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does management of mild sunburn include?

A

cold compress + NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when are NSAIDs not 1st line tx for acute gout attack?

A

if the pt is on anti-coag

coadmin NSAID + anticoag = incr bleeding risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how does occular rosacea present?

A
  • burning, foreign body sensation, blepharitits, keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers and recurrent chalazia
  • can involve cornea, conjunctiva and eyelids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does viral conjunctivitis present w/ other than eye discomfort and watering?

A

URI s/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what triad characterizes acute liver failure?

A
  1. incr LFTs
  2. hepatic encephalopathy
  3. prolongued prothrombin time (elevated PT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

acute liver failure 2/2 wilson’s dz will present w/ what lab in addition to the ALF triad?

A

decr ALP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

GGT is a marker of liver damage. is it specific enough to dx acute liver failure?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when do you tx pregnant women for MDD?

A

when exhibiting mod-severe s/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

post-partum woman presents w/ 1 day high F + uterine fundal tenderness. dx = ?

A

post-partum endometritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

post-partum F fails to respond after 2 days of ABX. Ddx = ?

A
  • pelvic abscess

- superficial pelvic thrombophlebitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does post-partum endometritis present?

A
  1. F
  2. purulent lochia
  3. uterine fundal tenderness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

young pt presents w/ indolent HA + malaise + F + persistent dry cough + pharyngitis + rash. CXR shows interstitial inflitrates. dx = ?

A

atypical PNA 2/2 m pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how do you tx atypical PNA 2/2 m. pneumoniae?

A
  • azythromycin (macrolide)

- resp fluoroquinolone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what types of infx are commonly treated w/ clindamycin?

A

dental and skin infx (anaerobic + aerobic bugs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

will pre-op ABX reduce post-op resp compliations in pts w/o signs of active infx pre-operatively?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the effects of PO and inhaled corticosteroids on COPD pts post-operatively?

A

PO - some decr PNA

inhaled - incr risk PNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is thromboangiitis obliterans (buerger’s dz)?

A

nonartherosclerotic, inflam vaso-occlusive disorder of sm and med-sized vessles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

how does thromboangiitis obliterans (buerger’s dz) present?

A

ischemic ulcers + gangrene in young smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

young F smoker presents w/ distal ulcers and gangrene. how do you distinguish btwn PAD and brueger’s dz?

A

PAD will have compromised blood flow and decr pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pt w/ complex asthma or CF hx presents w/ severe PNA s/s + bronchiectasis on CXR + eosinophilia on labs. Dx = ?

A

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how do you tx allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?

A

long term PO corticosteroids + itraconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

pt presents w/ mechanical heart valve + warfarin + INR = 1.5 + SOB + pulm crackles. Dx = ?

A

prosthetic valve thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is bronchiectasis?

A

dz of bronchial damage and dilation triggered by decr host defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is not typically seen in emphysema?

A

recurrent bacterial resp. infx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is labert eaton synd assoc w/?

A

small cell lung Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

why is a chest CT usually obtained as part of the Lambert Eaton synd w/u?

A

close assoc w/ small cell lung Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how does dementia w/ lewy bodies present?

A
  • fluctuating cognition/attention
  • well-formed visual hallucinations
  • motor manifestations of parkinsonism (bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when is amnioinfusion used?

A

to decr cord compression 2/2 ROM if baby is exhibiting recurrent variable decels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

why is Mg given to pts @ risk of delivery < 32wks?

A
  • fetal neuroprotection (ppx CP)

- mild tocolytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

pts w/ unknown GBS status and expected to deliver @ < 37wks gestation require what?

A

GBS ppx (penicillin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

vit C def (scurvy) causes what?

A
  • petichial and perifollicular hemorrhages
  • mucosal bleeding
  • peridontal dz
  • corkscrew hair
  • capillary wall fragility
  • poor wound healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how does chancroid present?

A
  • PAINFUL genital ulcers

- lymphadenitis (tender nodes)

54
Q

how does anal cancer present?

A
  • anal bleeding, pain, and fullness
  • anal mass or ulcerated lesion (friable)
  • painless lymphadenopathy
55
Q

what are C/I for copper IUD?

A
  • wilson’s dz
  • Cu allergy
  • heavy menstrual bleeding
  • acute pelvic infx
56
Q

is current menstruation a C/I for IUD placement?

A

no

57
Q

pregnant female presents w/ F and tachycardia. uterus is not tender. does she have chorioamnionitis?

A

not likely

58
Q

how does acute pyelonephritis present in pregnancy?

A

F + flank pain +/- ARDS +/- preterm labor

59
Q

pt presents w/ ear displacement + recent h/o OTM. dx = ?

A

mastoiditis

60
Q

do you need imaging to dx mastoiditis?

A

not normally

61
Q

what imaging might you get to confirm uncertain dx of mastoiditis or w/u intracranial complications?

A

CT or MRI

62
Q

how do you tx mastoiditis?

A

IV ABX + surgical drainage

63
Q

anti-B2-glycoprotein is used to dx APL synd. when is Beta-2 microgloulin incr?

A
  • lymphoproliferative disorders (mult myeloma)

- conditions w/ incr cell turnover

64
Q

what vasculitic disorders can exhibit livedo reticularis?

A
  • polyarteritis nodosa

- SLE

65
Q

what vasoocclusive disorders can exhibit livedo reticularis?

A
  • cholesterol embolization
  • APL synd
  • cryoglobulinemia
66
Q

which hemolytic anemia can present w/ livedo reticularis?

A

cold-agglutinin dz

67
Q

adv stage cervical Ca can present how?

A

back pain + edema + pelvic mass + hydronephrosis

68
Q

how do you tx hypoparathyroidism?

A

vit D + Ca2+ supplementation

69
Q

why must you closely monitor Ca2+ and phos levels during hypoparathyroidism tx?

A

high levels can lead to soft tissue calcification

70
Q

what Ca/Phos levels are concerning for incr risk of soft tissue calcification?

A

(s. Ca x s. Phos) > 55

71
Q

how might pt present if calcification of the basal ganglia has occurred?

A

extrapyramidal s/s (movement disorders)

72
Q

is vit D toxicity assoc w/ incr or decr Ca2+?

A

hypercalcemia

73
Q

anthracycline induced cardiotoxicity is due to what?

A

myocyte necrosis and destruction (fibrosis)

74
Q

what are the anthracyclines?

hint: cardiotoxic chemo drugs

A
  • doxoRUBICIN
  • daunoRUBICIN
  • epiRUBICIN
  • idraRUBICIN
75
Q

how does doxyrubicin damage the heart?

A

causes myocyte necrosis and destruction (fibrosis)

76
Q

cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and disarray are seen in what heart condition?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

77
Q

yound child (< 6yo) worries about her parents dying and has recently been fixated on death. she has friends at school and no diff going to school. does she have separation anxiety?

A

no

78
Q

severe COPD is often accompanied by what?

A

pulmonary cachexia

79
Q

what is pulmonary cachexia characterized by?

A

loss of mean muscle mass 2/2 energy imbalance and systemic inflammation

80
Q

lung Ca advanced enough to cause cachexia (incr wt loss + muscle wasting) will present w/ what finding on CXR?

A

lung mass

81
Q

how does viral pleuritis present?

A
  • viral prodrome (F, cough, rhinorrhea)
  • pleuritic CP
  • SOB
  • pleuritic friction rub
  • NO pleural effusion
82
Q

what is pleuritis?

A

inflammation of the parietal pleura

83
Q

if pleuritis is 2/2 bacterial PNA, what will typically be seen on CXR?

A

consolidatioin

84
Q

what is a hordeolum?

A

acute inflammatory nodule 2/2 infx of eyelash folicle (stye) or meibomian gland (internal hordeolum) w/ staph aureus

85
Q

what is a chalazeon?

A

granulomatous rxn to a blocked meibomian tear gland

86
Q

how do you distinguish hordeolum from chalazeon?

A

hordeolum = PAINFUL and closer to lid margin

87
Q

how does chalazeon present?

A

solitary, PAINLESS, rubbery, nodular lesion below the eye

88
Q

pulm HTN in pts w/ L heart dz is caused by what?

A

incr LA and pulm venous pressures

89
Q

what are common causes of pulm HTN 2/2 incr LA or pulm venous HTN?

A
  • LV systolic/diastolic dysf(x)
  • mitral or aortic valve dz
  • congenital cardiomyopathies
90
Q

what is diastolic heart failure

A

HFrEF

91
Q

1* pulm arterial HTN is characterized by what?

A

vasc proliferation w/ intimal hyperplasia

92
Q

how does chronic open-angle glaucoma present?

A
  • progressive peripheral vision loss
  • incr IOP
  • incr cup: disc ratio
93
Q

retinal exam in diabetic retinopathy reveals what?

A

vascular proliferation +/- vitreos hemorrhage

94
Q

retinal exam reveals cherry red fovea. pt presented w/ sudden monocular vision loss. dx = ?

A

central retinal artery occlusion

95
Q

retinal exam reveals arteriovenous nicking, cotton wool spots (fuzzy yellow spots), ateriolar narrowing, and hard exudates (discrete yellow spots). dx = ?

A

hypertensive retinopathy

96
Q

what are common complications of maternal hyperglycemia?

A
  • macrosomia
  • hypoglycemia
  • hypocalcemia
  • polycythemia (2/2 chronic hypoxia in utero)
97
Q

how does cecal volvulus present?

A

abd pain + cramping

98
Q

what is cecal volvulus?

A

torsion of cecum and asc colon

99
Q

pt presents w/ decr Na + severely incr glucose. what type of hyponatremia is this?

A

hypertonic hypoNa

100
Q

why does severely high blood glucose lead to hyponatremia?

A

glucose pulls H2O out of cells and this dilutes Na

101
Q

other than UE SBP> LE SBP, how can a pt w/ coarctation of the aorta present?

A
  • HA, epistaxis (2/2 incr upper body BP)
  • LE claudication
  • brachial-femoral pulse delay
102
Q

pt presents w/ pulsatile mass + SYSTOLIC bruit s/p left heart cath. dx = ?

A

pseudoaneurysm

103
Q

pr presents w/ continuous bruit s/p left heart cath. dx = ?

A

AV fistula

104
Q

what are some of the facial abnormalities seen in DiGeorge synd?

A
  • low set ears
  • small jaw
  • cleft palate
105
Q

a cortisol producing adenoma can cause what?

A

cushing synd

106
Q

what labs do you expect in cushing synd (cortisol producing adenoma)?

A
  • cortisol = incr
  • ACTH = decr
  • DHEAs = decr
  • dexamethasone suppression test = negative (b/c tumor does what it wants)
107
Q

how does DRESS synd present?

A
  • diffuse, confluent, morbiliform rash + eosinophilia + systemic s/s (F, malaise, lympadenopathy)
  • onset = 2-8 wks s/p starting allopurinol or anti-epileptic therapy
108
Q

which malaria is assoc w/ dormant liver infx?

A

p. vivax infx

109
Q

how do you tx p. vivax malaria?

A

chloroquine (kill 1* infx) + primaquine (kill liver hypnozoites)

110
Q

how does choriocarcinoma present?

A
  • recent pregnancy (mole, kid, spontaneous abortion)
  • abn bleeding, pelvic pressure, big uterus
  • vagina mets w/ red friable lesions
111
Q

what nail findings are assoc w/ psoriasis?

A
  • onycholysis

- pitting

112
Q

what is onycholysis?

A

distal separation of nail plate from the nail bed

113
Q

what dz is caused by exocrine gland dysf(x)?

A

sjogrens synd

114
Q

what are the dermal manifestations of sjogren’s synd?

A
  • reynaud phenom
  • cutaneous vasculitis
  • chronic urticaria
115
Q

what causes septic arthritis in kids?

A

hematogenous spread of bacteria into the joint space

116
Q

how does legionella PNA present?

A
  • HIGH fever
  • preceeded by GI s/s
  • typical PNA s/s
117
Q

how do you tx legionella PNA?

A
  • levofloxacin

- newer macrolide (azithromycin)

118
Q

what is lochia?

A

nL shedding of blood and decidua after delivery

119
Q

what does lochia look like?

A
  • red/brown for several days

- pink for several weeks

120
Q

in non-lactating women, when do ovulation and menses resume?

A

ovulation @ 6-12 wks post-partum

menses @ 8-14 wks post-partum

121
Q

what predisposes to uric acid stones?

A
  • incr s. uric acid

- acidic urine

122
Q

why might a pt w. chronic diarrhea present w/ uric acid stones?

A

diarrhea –> HCO3- loss –> acidic urine –> uric acid stones

123
Q

how can you prevent uric acid stone precipitation?

A

urine alkalization w/ KHCO3- and/or KCitrate

124
Q

how do you alkalize the urine?

A
  • KHCO3-

- KCitrate

125
Q

what is most likely to influence adolescents adherence s/ safe sex practices?

A

use of condoms by their peers

126
Q

presence of a cavitary lesion on CXR of a pt suspected of lung Ca is highly suggestive of what?

A

SCC

127
Q

how is thyroid function affected by pregnancy?

A
  1. estrogen –> incr TBG –> incr bound thyroid hormone
  2. BHCG –> TSH receptor stimulation –> incr T3/T4 and decr TSH

**both have to happen to balance out and keep things working

128
Q

what is another name for anogenital warts?

A

chondyloma acuminata

129
Q

what is the 1st line tx of chondyloma accuminata in pregnancy?

A

topical trichloroacetic acid

130
Q

what tx for choldyloma acuminata are avoided during pregnancy and why?

A
  • imiquimod (teratogenic potential)
  • podophyllin resin (teratogenic potential)
  • excisional biopsy (risks assoc w/ anesthesia and sx)

COMLEX Level 2CE (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions