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Biology > Human Nutrition Ch 28 > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Ch 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes their own food

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2
Q

Heterotroph

A

Takes in food from the environment

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3
Q

Parasite

A

Heterotroph that feeds on live sources

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4
Q

Saprophyte

A

A heterotroph that feeds on dead matter

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5
Q

Herbivore

A

Animals that feed mainly on plants

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6
Q

Herbivore

A

Animals that feed mainly on plants

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7
Q

Carnivore

A

Animals that feed mainly on animals

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8
Q

Omnivore

A

Animals that feed on both plants and animals

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9
Q

Digestive system

A

Aka alimentary canal / gut

Needed so that digestive enzymes are not needed in every cell in the body eg like sponges or tapeworms

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10
Q

Four processes

A

Ingestion - taking food in
Digestion - breakdown of food
Absorption - food passes into the blood
Egestion - removal of waste

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11
Q

Name the types of teeth and give function

A

Incisors - cutting and slicing
Canines - for gripping and tearing
Premolars - for crushing and grinding
Molars - for crushing and grinding

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12
Q

How many teeth do humans have

A

Max 32

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13
Q

Dental formula:

A

2(I2/2 C1/1 P2/2 M3/3)

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14
Q

What are the two types of digestion in the mouth

A

Mechanical and chemical

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15
Q

Mechanical digestion in the mouth

A

Chewing and grinding action of teeth breaks down food

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16
Q

Chemical digestion in the mouth

A

The action of the enzyme amylase breaks down food

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17
Q

What does saliva contain

A

Water, salts, mucus, lysozyme (destroys microorganisms *), amylase

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18
Q

What ph does amylase work best at

A

Ph7

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19
Q

How much saliva do humans produce per day

A

1 litre

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20
Q

Amylase

A

Converts starch to maltose

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21
Q

Peristalsis

A

A wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary Canal that moves the food along

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22
Q

What does fibre do

A

Stimulates peristalsis by causing waste to absorb water and expand

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23
Q

What type of digestion is peristalsis

A

Mechanical

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24
Q

Oesophagus function

A

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach using peristalsis

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25
Q

Epiglottus

A

A flap that closes over the trachea when eating to ensure food passes into the oesophagus

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26
Q

Types of digestion in the stomach

A

Mechanical - churning action
Chemical - gastric juice

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27
Q

Chyme

A

Formed when food is churned with gastric juice

28
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular bag that holds and digests food
- holds 1 l of food for approx 4 hrs

29
Q

What prevents self digestion in the stomach

A

Mucus coating

30
Q

Oh of hydracholric acid

A

Oh 1-2

31
Q

Function hydrochloride acid

A

Kills bacteria, loosens food no activates pepsinogen

32
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive so that it does not digest the stomach lining
- pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme pepsinogen when it chemically reacts with HCl

33
Q

Pepsin

A

Active enzyme
A type of protease
Converts proteins to smaller peptides

34
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks lipids into fatty acids & glycerol

35
Q

The pancreas

A
  • secretes insulin
  • secretes pancreatic juice (sodium bicarbonate, amylase, lipase)
36
Q

How does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum

A

Through the pancreatic duct

37
Q

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate

A

Neutralises the chyme

38
Q

What ph does lipase work best as

A

Ph 7 to 9 in the duodenum

39
Q

The liver

A

A gland
- breaks down red blood cells
- converts glucose to glycogen for storage
- breaks down poisons (alcohol, drugs)
- breaks down excess amino acids to form urea - deamination
- converts excess carbohydrate to fat
-makes BILE !

40
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking of food into digestive system, happens when food is placed in the mouth

41
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food
-physical digestion
The mechanical breakdown. Eg when we chew food or churn in the stomach
-increases the surface area so that chemical digestion can take place more efficiently

-chemical digestion
The breakdown of food using enzymes

42
Q

Absorption

A

Occurs when the digested food passes from the digestive system and enters the blood system

43
Q

Egestion

A

The removal of unabsorbed waste from the digestive system

44
Q

Bile
Made from
Made in
Stored

A

-yellow-green viscous liquid

Water, bile salts, bile pigments
Liver
Gall bladder - entered the duodenum through the bile duct

45
Q

Functions of bile

A

-to emulsify liquids - break down fats and oils into tiny droplets
- neutralises chyme - contains sodium hydrogen carbonate ( alkaline)
- to excrete pigments (biliverdin and bilirubin) made from damaged red blood cells.

46
Q

Small intestine

A

Two main parts- duodenum (25cm), ileum (5.5m)
Food is in small intestine for 1- 6 hrs

47
Q

Duodenum

A

Function : to digest food
Adaptations:
Cells of duodenum produce enzymes
Products of pancreas and liver (are excreted) enter duodenum

48
Q

Ileum

A

Food entering the ileum is almost completely digested :

Function: to absorb nutrients
Adaptions :
1. Long to allow time for absorption
2. Has unfolding called villi -> increases surface area for absorption

49
Q

Amylase
Made in
Active in
Substrate
Product
Preferred pH

A

Salivary glands, pancreas
Mouth, duodenum,
Starch
Maltose
7-9

50
Q

Pepsin
Made in
Active in
Substrate
Product
Preferred pH

A

Stomach lining
Stomach
Proteins
Peptides
2

51
Q

Villi adaptations for absorptions / small intestine

A

-large numbers of villi (increase s.a)
- each villus covered in large numbers of microvilli (increase s.a)
- wall is only 1 cell thick ( to allow for diffusion of food)
- They have rich blood supply

52
Q

Lacteal:

A

-inside each villus is a lacteal -> absorbs fats
-each lacteal contains lymph
-fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal and transported to the blood.

53
Q

Capillaries

A

-all digested food (not fatty a and glycerol) are absorbed into capillaries
-capillaries carry the food to the hepatic portal vein and to the liver]

54
Q

Deamination

A

Amino acids cannot be stored in the liver, so they are broken down to form urea in a process called deamination

55
Q

Large intestine

A

-about 1.5 m long
-called large intestine a diameter of 6cm compared to 3 cm for small intestine.
-food stays her from 10 hrs to a few days

56
Q

Caecum and appendix

A

Functions not fully known .

  • in many herbivores , the c and a contain bacteria to digest cellulose
  • we no longer need to digest cellulose as we get energy from more easily digestible starch.

-vestigal organs - lost their former use

57
Q

Why are faeces egested

A

Faeces are egested not excreted, as faeces are not a waste product of metabolism

58
Q

Colon

A

Function -reabsorb water

  • in colon/ large intestine, liquid waste is converted to faeces (water is reabsorbed)
  • faeces are stored in the revtum before being egested through the anus
59
Q

2 benefits of symbiotic bacteria

A
  • bacteria in the colon produce some B vitamins and vitamin K.
  • beneficial bacteria prevent the growth of disease causing bacteria and fungi
60
Q

Balanced diet

A

Contains all the necessary food types and their correct proportions.

61
Q

7 components of food

A

Carbs, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, fibre, wate

62
Q

4 main food groups (contain similar nutrient)

A
  • cereals, bread, pasta
  • fruit, veg
  • milk, cheese, yoghurt,
    -meat, fish, poultry
63
Q

Amy of food required depends on

A

-age
-activity levels
- gender
- health

64
Q

Role fibre

A

Fibre stimulated peristalsis
-fibre absorbs and stores water. This causes the unabsorbed wastes to expand, stimulates the walls of the intestine to work.

65
Q

Fibre sources

A

Whole meal bread
Cereals
Veg
Fruits

66
Q

What is dietary fibre made from

A

Aka roughage
Made from cellulose (can’t digest) from -pant cell walls

67
Q

What is dietary fibre made from

A

Aka roughage
Made from cellulose (can’t digest) from -pant cell walls

Biology (8 decks)

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