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Biology > Ch8 Cell Diversity > Flashcards

Ch8 Cell Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological organisation

A

Cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
Blood cell - blood - heart - circulatory system - human

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that are modified to carry out the same function

-structure of the tissue depends on the type of tissue
-simple tissue has one cell type
-complex tissue has multiple cell types

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3
Q

Four main types of plant tissue

A
  1. Dermal
  2. Vascular
  3. Ground (bulk of the plant)
  4. Meristematic (undergo mitosis)
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4
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Single layer of cells surrounding parts of the plant

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5
Q

Dermal tissue
Location
Description
Function

A

Location: covering leaves, stems, roots
Description: -often slightly thickened cell wall
- sometimes has a waterproof layer (cuticle) on outer surface
Function: to protect the plant

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6
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports materials around the plant
-two types of cells - xylem, phloem
They are dead cells

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7
Q

Xylem description function

A

Description: hollow tubes, with openings called pits, that run from roots to leaves
Function: transports water and dissolved minerals
Provides support

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8
Q

Animal tissue four main types

A
  1. Epithelial (lines organs and internal cavities)
  2. Connective (matrix- blood+bone)
  3. Muscular (contract)
  4. Nervous
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9
Q

Connective tissue

A

A number of cells spread out in a material that is produced by the connective cells

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10
Q

Connective tissue function and examples

A

Joins and supports other body structures
Egs. Adipose tissue(stores fat), cartilage, bone, blood (blood cells suspended in plasma)

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11
Q

Nervoustissue

A

Composed of neurons

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12
Q

Nervous

A

Composed of nervous cells

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13
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Carry electrical impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Organ

A

A structure composed of a number of tissues working together to carry out one or more functions

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15
Q

Plant organs

A

Root
Stem
Seed
Fruit
Leaves

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16
Q

Animal organs

A

Stomach
Brain
Heart
Lungs
Liver

17
Q

Organ systems

A

Consists of a number of organs working together to carry out one or more functions

18
Q

Animal organ systems

A

Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Epithelial
Circulatory
Respiratory
Urinary
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive

19
Q

Tissue culture

A

The growth of cells in or on a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism

20
Q

In vitro

A

Growing cells outside the body

21
Q

Explain tissue culture

A
  1. Tissue sample is removed from an organism and grown in glassware or a bioreactor, under controlled conditions.
  2. Often cells are grown in a bath of sterile, nutrient medium
    -hormones may be added to improve growth
    -antibiotics may be added to kill microorganisms
22
Q

Applications of tissue culture

A

Plant breeding
Cancer research
Skin grafts

23
Q

Micropropagation

A

The growth of hundreds of plants from small plant pieces

24
Q

Plant breeding

A

-Micropropagation
-plant cells are grown on a suitable medium until they form a callus (clump of cells)
-growing conditions are changed to allow callus to become a plant

25
Q

Benefits of plant breeding

A

-large number of plants produced on a short time
-all plants are genetically identical
-inexpensive

26
Q

Skin grafts

A

Tissue culture used to grow new skin for burn patients
-stem cells- usually from bone marrow- used to grow skin

27
Q

Benefits of skin grafts

A

-no need to remove skin from elsewhere in the body
-New skin is not rejected by the patients body as it has been grown from their own cells

28
Q

Cancer research

A
  • cancer cells produce proteins (antigens) that aren’t present in normal cells
  • using tissue culture, it is possible to produce antibodies (from white blood cells) that will react with antigens on cancer cells
29
Q

Benefits of cancer research (MABS)

A
  • can be attached to toxic drugs to deliver the drug to cancer cells only.
  • can be used to test if a sample of cells is cancerous, as they can change colours when bound in antigens

Biology (8 decks)

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