Ch36 Bones Part

Question 1

Cartilage

Answer 1

-contains fibrous protein - collagen
-lacks blood vessels or nerves
-slower to heal than bone, which has a rich blood supply
Acts as a shock absorber and prevents friction

Found in ears nose trachea between vertebrae and ends of bones

Question 2

Bone structure : external

Answer 2

Ling bones are covered by a tough, fibrous membrane - the periosteum

Question 3

Diagram outer

Answer 3

Cartilage, periosteum, epiphysis, diaphysis

Question 4

Diagram inner

Answer 4

Compact bone, springy bone, medullary cavity

Question 5

Compact bone

Answer 5

Consists of living cells embedded in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen
-salts give strength to the bone
-collagen gives flexibility

Has blood vessels and nerves

Found in the shaft (diaphysis) and as a layer around the end (epiphysis)

Question 6

Spongy bone

Answer 6

Contains numerous hollows - spaces are filled with red bone marrow
-Mostly found at the end of bones

-makes blood cells and gives strength to the skeleton

Question 7

MEDULLARY CAVITY

Answer 7

-contains bone marrow
-in young people, contains red marrow which makes blood components
-in adults, contains inactive, yellow, fat-rich marrow (yellow marrow stores fat)

Question 8

Osteoblasts

Answer 8

Bone forming cells

Question 9

Growth plate

Answer 9

Area between epiphysis and diaphysis in a long bone in which growth occurs

Question 10

Bone growth

Answer 10

• bone development begins in 8th week of embryonic growth
• osteoblasts produce a protein called collagen
• hard compound (mostly calcium phosphate) forms around collagen
• osteoblasts are trapped in this and are dormant bone cells

Question 11

Growth plate poi

Answer 11

-made of cartilage
-cartilage is continually made and turned into bone (ossified)
-growth plate ceases to function at adulthood

Question 12

Osteoclasts

Answer 12

Bone digesting cells
Catabolic

Question 13

Osteoclasts function

Answer 13

-bone is dissolved and replaced throughout life,
-osteoclasts move into medullary cavity, digest bone lining the cavity and deposit it in the blood

Question 14

Osteoblasts function

Answer 14

Form new bone to replace the bone that is destroyed

Question 15

Why do we need to remove bone

Answer 15

Removal of bone from medullary cavity prevents bones from becoming too heavy as they become larger

Question 16

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Answer 16

Work together to en,argue the medullary cavity and thicken the compact bone

Question 17

Bone renewal depends on

Answer 17

Hormones, physical activity, diet

Question 18

How does physical activity affect bone renwal

Answer 18

Bones become thicker when stressed by physical activity - osteoblasts are stimulated

Question 19

How do hormones affect bone renewal

Answer 19

Growth and sex hormones increase the size of bones eg puberty

Question 20

Why does diet affect bone renewal

Answer 20

Parathormone Removes calcium from bones
Happens as a certain level of calcium is need in blood for muscles and nerves to work properly

-calcium in diet is need to replace the calcium

Question 21

Diagram of joints

Question 22

Osteoporosis

Answer 22

The loss of protein (collagen) material from bone
-causes brittle bones that are easily broken

Question 23

Osteomalacia

Answer 23

Loss of mineral (calcium) from bone due to lack of vitamin d

Question 24

Joints

Answer 24

Where two or more bones meet

Question 25

Synovial fluid

Answer 25

Produced in movable joints to lubricate and reduce friction

Question 26

Immovable joints

Answer 26

The bones are fused ( skull, pelvic girdle)

Question 27

Partially movable joints

Answer 27

Bones slide over each other and are connected by ligaments (spine,wrist,ankle)

Question 28

Movable/synovial joints

Answer 28

-ball and socket joint Allows movement in all directions eg shoulder and hip -hinge joint Allows movement in one direction eg elbow and knee

Question 29

Ligaments

Answer 29

Strong fibrous Slightly elastic tissues that connects bone to bone

Question 30

Tendons

Answer 30

Strong flexible Inelastic fibres that connect muscle to bone

Question 31

Muscles

Answer 31

Consists of elongated cells arranged in bundles and enclosed in connective tissue

Question 32

Muscle contraction

Answer 32

Energy ATP is required for muscles contraction, not relaxation -muscles can only pull on bones (contract), they cannot push (expand）

Question 33

Extensor

Answer 33

Opens a joint eg triceps

Question 34

Flexor

Answer 34

Closes a joint eg biceps

Question 35

Skeletal muscle

Answer 35

Striped appearance Under voluntary control

Question 36

Smooth muscle

Answer 36

Found in internal structures eg blood vessels, digestive system, bladder etc - under involuntary control

Question 37

Cardiac muscle

Answer 37

has many mitochondria Does not tire Involuntary

Question 38

Antagonistic pair

Answer 38

Two muscles that have opposite effects to each other

Question 39

Arthritis

Answer 39

Musculoskeletal disease

Question 40

Arthritis cause

Answer 40

-arthritis is a disorder that results from inflammation of a joint Over 100 types

Question 41

Osteoarthritis

Answer 41

Caused by the cartilage in joints wearing down, which causes the bones to enlarge and more synovial fluid to form

Question 42

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 42

An autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the synovial membrane

Question 43

Arthritis t prevention

Answer 43

Avoiding running on hard surfaces Swim or walk instead Wear proper runners when excercising

Question 44

Arthritis treatment

Answer 44

- anti-inflammatories and steroids help reduce inflammation -rest, physiotherapy and weight loss may ease symptoms -surgery may be needed to replace joint