Ch25 Blood Flashcards
4 Parts of blood
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
Yellow liquid part of blood
Makes up 55% of blood
Made of
90% water
7% proteins
3% dissolved materials
Plasma proteins
Anitbodies : produced by white blood cells to fungi to foreign substances
Clotting proteins : form blood clotes
Serum
Plasma without the clotting proteins
Plasma function
To transport dissolved materials like glucose CO2, hormones, vitamins etc
To transport heat
Red blood cells
Red blood corpuscles/ enthrocytes
Produced in bone marrow
Very small, biconcave discs
No nucleus
Contains red protein (haemoglobin) which binds oxygen
Live for about 4 months before being broken down in liver and spleen
What happens when red blood cells are broken down
Haemoglobin is stored in the liver (recycled) and the rest of the cell is converted to bile pigments biliverdin and bilirubin
How do red blood cells become damaged
They change shape to pass through narrow blood vessels
Function of red blood cells
To transport oxygen
Anaemia
Caused by lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells
Treated with iron supplements or iron rich foods (green veg, lentils, nuts, beans, fortified cereals)
Eg sickle cell anaemia
White blood cells
Leucocytes
Made in bone marrow
Have a nucleus
Less numerous than red blood cells (700 red; 1 white)
Function of white blood cells
To defend against and fight infection
Give examples of how white blood cells carry out their function
Some WBC’s surround and digest bacteria and viruses in a process called phagocytosis
Some WBC’s (lymphocytes produce antibodies to defend the body against infection
Leukaemia
A form of cancer where WBC’s are produces to rapidly and are immature
They crowd out other blood cells and may cause anaemia , increased risk of infection and reduced ability to clot the blood
Platelets
Thrombocytes
Made in bone marrow from large cells which break into fragments called platelets
Function of platelets
To clot the blood
-this reduces blood loss and stops microorganisms from eneterinh7
Needed to form blood clot
Injured Vessels constricts
Natural Clotting factors help form a strong platelet plug
Stable fibrin mesh formed over plug to stop bleeding
Haemophiliacs
Lack the ability to form a clot and may suffer from excessive bleeding
Blood clots in blood vessels
Do not usually form in healthy blood vessels
If vessels walls are damaged, a clot (thrombosis) may form and block the vessel
In brain - causes stroke
In heart - causes heart attack
Functions of blood (4.3)
Transport food, waste, hormones
Transport heat
Transport oxygen
Defence against disease
-(white blood cells engulf bacteria
-lymphocytes produce antibodies
-platelets clot the blood)
Antigen
A chemical marker that can stimulate the production of antibodies
What do most RBc’s have that act as an antigen
A carbohydrate/ protein molecule on their surface that acts as an antigen
Four main blood types + how they differ
A, B, AB, O
Differ in the type of antigens they have on their RBC‘s
Antigens and antibodies in A blood type
A antigens
Anti-B antigens
Antigens and antibodies in B blood type
B antigen
Anti-A
Antigens(in RBC) and antibodies(in plasma) in AB blood type
AB antigens
No antibodies in plasma
Antigens(in RBC) and antibodies(in plasma) in O blood type
No antigens
Anti-B Anti-A
Blood transfusions
Blood group is import at to know as introducing the wrong antigen may cause blood clumping in the receiver
Rhesus system/factor
Another blood grouping system
If you have factor D (antigen) on your RBC’s - you are rhesus positive (Rh+)
If you do not have factor D - you are rhesus negative (Rh-) and will provide antibodies to factor D
Rhesus factor blood given to?
Rh- can be given to Rh+
Rh+ cannot be given to a Rh- person
-the rhesus antigen coming in causes the Rh- person to make antibodies to it - could cause clumping in the blood
Rhesus factor during pregnancy
May be problems for a Rh- mother pregnant with a Rh+ child
-first child normally born safely, but any further RH+ foetuses may be anaemia, brain damaged or stillborn
- factor D injections as treatment
Blood group chart
Red blood cells structure
Have a nucleus until they mature in red corpuscles after a few days
Have no mitochondria
Membrane
Haemoglobin
Biconcave shape
What happens when haemoglobin combines with oxygen
Forms oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin (purple) -> lungs -> oxyhaemoglobin (bright red)
<- body cells <-
Lymphocytes
Made in bone marrow
Mature in lymphatic tissue and Stored in lymphatic tissue
Make up 25% of WBC’s
Survive for 3 months to 10 years
Large rórúnda nucleus with very Little cytoplasm
Lymphocytes function
To make antibodies
Monocytes
Made in bone marrow
Make up 5% of WBC’s
Survive 6-9 days
Kidney-shaped nuclei
Function of monocytes
To surround and digest bacteria
(Large phagocytes)
