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Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Define herbivores

A

Herbivores are animals that feed mainly on plants

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2
Q

Define omnivores

A

Omnivores are animals that feed both on plants and animals

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3
Q

Define carnivores

A

Carnivores are animals that mainly feed on other animals

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4
Q

What are the two main types of nutrition?

A

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

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5
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs are organisms which make their own food
eg plants

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6
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs are organisms that take in food from their environment
eg humans and dogs

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7
Q

What are parasites?

A

Parasitises take in food from a live source
eg fleas

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8
Q

What are saprophytes?

A

Saprophytes take in food from a dead source
eg bacteria and fungi

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9
Q

Why do humans need fuel?

A

in order to fuel metabolism

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10
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the physical and chemical breakdown of food

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11
Q

What are the stages of digestion?

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
egestion

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12
Q

What is ingestion?

A

It is the taking in of food into the digestive system – usually by taking food in through the mouth

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13
Q

What is digestion?

A

Is the breakdown of food.
Chemically by enzymes
Physically when we chew our food or when it is churned in the stomach

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14
Q

What is absorption?

A

When digested food passes from the digestive system into the blood stream

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15
Q

What is egestion?

A

When unabsorbable waste is excreted

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16
Q

Why is digestion needed?

A
  • To make nutrients soluble
  • For transport of nutrients
  • For absorption of nutrients
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17
Q

What is the role of incisors?

A

Cut and slice food- chisel shaped

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18
Q

What is the role of canines?

A

To grip and tear food- long and pointed shape

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19
Q

What is the role of pre-molars?

A

Grind and crush food- flat, large

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20
Q

What is the role of molars?

A

Grind and crush food- flat, large

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21
Q

How many teeth does a normal adult have?

A

32

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22
Q

In the mouth what is physical digestion?

A

The chewing and grinding of food by the teeth

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23
Q

In the mouth what is chemical digestion?

A

Occurs due to the enzyme amylase breaking down starch in saliva

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24
Q

How do the salivary glands aid digestion?

A

They produce amylase which travels t the mouth via the salivary duct. It works in the mouth due to the neutral PH but is denatured in the stomach. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose.

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25
Q

How is food taken from the mouth to the stomach?

A

Food is formed into a bolus–> pushed towards the pharynx –> into oesophagus—> down to the stomach

26
Q

What ensures food goes down the oesophagus?

A

The epiglottis

Which is a flat that covers the trachea momentarily so food can only go down the oesophagus

27
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Peristalsis is the involuntary muscular contractions in the walls of the alimentary canal that moves food along the oesophagus.

28
Q

What role does fibre play in digestion?

A

Aids peristalsis
Prevents constipation

ie. it expands and stores water

29
Q

What is the stomach?

A

The stomach is a muscular bag that holds and digests food

30
Q

What is mucus’ role in the stomach?

A

Mucus covers the stomach to prevent self digestion

31
Q

How is protein digested in the stomach?

A

The inactive enzyme pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme pepsin by the HCL in the stomach and this pepsin then turns proteins into smaller peptides.

PEPSIONGEN–>PEPSIN–>ACTS ON PROTEINS–> SMALLER PEPTIDES

32
Q

What are the characteristics of HCL?

A
  • ph of 1-2
    activates pepsinogen
  • deactivates amylase
  • kills bacteria
  • loosens food
33
Q

What occurs in the stomach?

A

The stomach contracts turning the food into chyme and then this leaves the stomach in small amounts and heads to the small intestine

34
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine called and what is its function?

A

It is called the duodenum and its function is digestion

Here the products of the liver and pancreas enter and the intestinal gland produces enzymes called intestinal juice

35
Q

What is the second part of the small intestine called and what is its function?

A

It is called the ileum and its function is to absorb nutrients
Food enters the ileum mostly digested

36
Q

What is the function of villi and microvilli in both parts of the small intestine?

A

They increase the surface area for digestion

37
Q

What are the adaptions of villi for absorption?

A
  • large numbers of them
  • increased number of micro villi
  • have a rich blood supply
  • only 1 cell thick
38
Q

What is the process of getting the nutrients from the villi to the liver?

A

Capillaries in each villi will absorb nutrients through the thin walls of the villi and will then be taken to the liver via the hepatic portal vein and the nutrients will be either stored or used

39
Q

What happens to amino acids in the body?

A

Amino acid cannot be stored in the body so if they are not used the liver will break them down into urea which will then leave the liver through the hepatic portal vein and go to the kidneys for excretion in the form of urine

40
Q

What is inside each villi and what is its role?

A

Inside each villi is a lacteal which contains a liquid called lymph which absorbs fats and transports the fats to blood vessels to be absorbed by the bodies cells.

41
Q

What are the adaptions of the small intestine?

A
  • Rich network of blood capillaries
  • Thin walls only one cell thick
  • Very long
  • highly folded
  • Villi have lacteals to carry away fat
  • Villi and MV increase the scf
42
Q

Where are the caecum and appendix in the body and what are their functions?

A

They are found just below where the small intestine joins the large intestine and these are both vestigial organs meaning they have lost their former use so a function now is not known

43
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

It is to reabsorb wate. This means it leaves solid faeces behind which are then stored in the rectum and released by the anus

44
Q

What are the two glands associated with the small intestine?

A

the pancreas and liver

45
Q

How does the liver aid digestion?

A

-breaks down excess amino acids into urea
- makes bile
-detoxifies alcohol
- stores vitamins and minerals
-breaks down red blood cells

46
Q

How does the pancreas aid digestion?

A

The pancreas secretes insulin and pancreatic juice.

Two of the enzymes in pancreatic juice are lipase and amylase they enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol while amylase breaks down starch into maltose

47
Q

What is bile?

A

It is a yellowy green liquid consisting of water, bile salts and bile pigments.
Made in the liver and stored in the gal bladder

48
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

-To emulsify fats
- Neutralise stomach acid
- Provide the optimum ph for enzymes in the duodenum

49
Q

Give an example of symbiotic bacteria;

A

These are bacteria that provide humans a benefit and we also give them a benefit without causing harm to each other.

Bacteria in the colon feed on waste while producing vitamin k and some b vitamins which we then absorb in the blood and compete with pathogens eg out compete harmful bacteria

50
Q

Define a balanced human diet:

A

It is a diet which contains the correct amount of each type of food

51
Q

What do food requirements depend on?

A

-Age
-Gender
-Activity level
-Health

52
Q

What are the 4 food groups?

A

-Milk, yoghurt and cheese (4)
-Bread, cereals and potatoes (6+)
-Fish, meat and poultry (2)
-Fruit and veg (4+)

53
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

It is the breakdown of food by enzymes

54
Q

What is the physical digestion of food?

A

It is the breakdown of food physically

55
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H2O)y

XY have the same value so there is twice as much hydrogen as carbon and oxygen

56
Q

What are the benefits of a high fibre diet?

A

Prevents constipation
Lower cholesterol levels
Helps control blood sugar levels

57
Q

What part of the digestive system transports the products of lipid digestion?

A

Lacteal

58
Q

Where does determination occur?

A

The liver

59
Q

What substances are stored in the liver?

A

Glycogen
Vitamin A
Iron
Copper

60
Q

Why is digestion necessary?

A

To make food easier to absorb and to make it easier to transport

Biology (11 decks)

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