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Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define exocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands release their products into ducts or tubes

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2
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

They are ductless glands that excrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What are the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

The two systems work together to co-ordinate the body
systems.

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4
Q

Define hormone

A

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by an
endocrine gland and are carried by the blood to another part
of the body where it has a specific effect.

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5
Q

What is another name of the pituitary gland?

A

Master gland

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6
Q

What are most hormones made from?

A

Protein

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7
Q

What does the pituitary gland produce and what is the function?

A

Produces GH Growth hormone- Growth hormone GH causes body cells to absorb amino acids which causes protein formation.

Produces LH – luteinising hormone- stimulates ovulation

FSH – follicle stimulating hormone - stimulates follicle egg to develop in ovary

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Located at the base of the brain.

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9
Q

What are the differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

Endocrine-
speed is slower acting
response is long lasting
messages are carried by chemicals
eg growth hormone

Nervous-
fast acting response
response in short lived
messages carried by mostly electrical impulses
eg catching an object

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10
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce and its function?

A

It links the endocrine and nervous system. Secretes hormones that control the pituitary gland

Produces ADH (anti-diuretic hormone).
ADH causes water to be reabsorbed in the kidneys.

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11
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

It produces a number of hormones including melatonin.
Melatonin is thought to be involved with sleep and activity patterns.

Located in the brain tiny

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12
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Produces thyroxine.
Thyroxine stimulates metabolism.

H shaped gland found in the trachea

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13
Q

What are parathyroids?

A

Located in the thyroid gland.

Produce parathormone.

Parathormone stimulates the release of calcium from
bones into blood plasma.

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14
Q

What does the thymus gland do?

A

Located behind the breastbone in the upper chest.

Produces thymosin

Thymosin causes lymphocytes (WBC) to mature and become
active.

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15
Q

What do the adrenal glands produce and the function?

A

Adrenals located on top of each kidney.

Produce Adrenaline.

Adrenaline helps the body to respond more efficiently to
stress. Fight or flight response

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16
Q

What are gonads?

A

The gonads are the sex glands - the testes and ovaries.

17
Q

wHAT DO THE GONADS PRODUCE?

A

Testosterone- testes
Responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics

Ovaries- oestrogen
Responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics

18
Q

What gland is Both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.?

A

Pancreas

19
Q

What are the parts of the endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

The exocrine part produces digestive enzymes which are released into the pancreatic duct (common bile duct)

The endocrine part are the Islets of Langerhans, where insulin is produced and blood sugar levels are reduced

20
Q

What are the islets of Langerhans?

A

A group of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin

Insulin is responsible for controlling and reducing the glucose
levels of the blood.

21
Q

How does insulin affect glucose levels?

A

It reduces blood glucose levels by causing muscle and fat
cells to absorb glucose where it is then used in respiration or
converted into glycogen and stored in muscles and the liver.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of a thyroxine deficiency?

A

Symptoms include: Tiredness, lack of energy, slow mental
and physical activity, weight gain caused by a build up of fluid
under the skin.

Collectively this is called myxoedema.

23
Q

What is a thyroxine deficiency?

A

Deficiency in adults results in a reduced metabolic rate as a result of an underproduction in thyroxine

24
Q

What indicates a thyroxine deficiency?

A

Goitre
Thyroxine deficiency can cause the thyroid to swell

25
Q

What can be used to correct thyroxine deficiency?

A

Thyroxine tablets or iodine can be taken to prevent
myxoedema.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of thyroxine excess?

A

Over production of thyroxine results in an increased
metabolic rate.

Symptoms include: bulging eyes, hunger, weight loss, heat
production, irritability and anxiety.

27
Q

What is the condition called that is caused by thyroxine excess?

A

Graves disease

28
Q

What can be done to correct graves disease? Overproduction in thyroxine

A

Grave’s disease can be cured by removing part of the thyroid
gland.

29
Q

Give two examples of a hormone supplement?

A

Insulin and anabolic steroids

30
Q

What is insulin used for as a hormone supplement?

A

Insulin is used as a supplement when the body has an inability to produce insulin which is called diabetes. Caused by a failure of the islets of Langerhans to work
properly.

31
Q

What are the symptoms and treatment for diabetes?

A

Symptoms include: high glucose concentration in the blood,
severe thirst, loss of weight, tiredness

Treatment of diabetes involves the taking of the insulin by
injection

32
Q

Why are anabolic steroids used as a supplement?

A

Anabolic steroids are drugs that build up muscle.

Used legally for speeding up recovery, help strengthening bones and building muscles

used illegally in sports and have long term damaging effects on the body including: liver and kidney damage, infertility, male traits in females and
impotence in males.

33
Q

How are thyroxine levels controlled?

A

Negative feedback

34
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The correct level of one hormone has a negative effect on the
previous hormone.

35
Q

What happens if thyroxine level are of a normal concentration?

A

Thyroxine in the blood inhibits the pituitary from releasing
TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone.

So no more Thyroxine is made

36
Q

What happens if thyroxine level are of a low concentration?

A

If Thyroxine (T3/T4) is low this stimulates the pituitary to
produce TSH

TSH stimulates which causes more thyroxine to be made

Biology (17 decks)

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