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Food Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do organisms need food?

A
  • for energy
  • growth and repair
  • to make chemicals for metabolic processes
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2
Q

How many elements are present in food?

A

14 elements

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3
Q

6 most common elements are

A
  • carbon
    -hydrogen
    -oxygen
    -nitrogen
    -sulfur
    -phosphorus
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4
Q

5 elements that are present in dissolved salts

A
  • sodium
    -magnesium
    -chlorine
    -potassium
    -calcium

So Many Cats Can’t Pounce

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5
Q

Name the 3 trace elements

A
  • iron
  • copper
  • zinc
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6
Q

What are biomolecules?

A

Biomolecules are chemicals that are made inside living things

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7
Q

What are the 4 major biomolecules in food?

A
  • carbohydrates
    -lipids
    -minerals
    -vitamins
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8
Q

What are the elements in carbohydrates

A
  • carbon
    -hydrogen
    -oxygen

formula Cx(H2O)y- where x and y are the same value

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9
Q

example of monosaccharide?

A

Glucose and fructose C6H12O6
single sugar unit

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10
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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11
Q

What are the sources of protein?

A

Meat, fish, yogurt, cheese, eggs and nuts

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12
Q

Example of disaccharides

A

Maltose and sucrose

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13
Q

Example of polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of starch?

A
  • made of many glucose molecules joined
  • easily digested
    -carbohydrate stored by plants
    Found in pasta and potatoes
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15
Q

Characteristics of cellulose

A

-made of many glucose molecules molecules joined together but with more cross bonding than starch
-very strong
-difficult to digest
Found in plant cell walls

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16
Q

Characteristics of glycogen

A

Complex polysaccharide
Large number of glucose molecules arranged in branches chains
Animals store it in their liver and muscles

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17
Q

What are the sources of carbohydrates?

A

Bread
Pasta
Rice
Potatoes
Cakes

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18
Q

What is the structural role of carbohydrates?

A

Cellulose is what forms the plant cell walls
Glycogen

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19
Q

What is the metabolic role of carbohydrates?

A

-glucose is made in photosynthesis
-glucose is broken down during respiration to carry out metabolic reactions

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20
Q

What are the elements present in lipids?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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21
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils at room temperatures?

A

Fats are solid at room temperature
Oils are liquid at room temperature

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22
Q

What does the structure of a triglyceride consist of?

A

Three fatty acid chains attached to a molecule of glycerol

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23
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

One molecule of glycerol with one phosphate group and two fatty acid tails

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24
Q

What are the sources of lipids?

A

Butter, cream, oils and fat from meat

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25
Q

Structural role of lipids

A

Insulator for animals
Protection of organs
Important energy store for humans and plants
Phospholipid are an important structure in cell membranes

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26
Q

Metabolic role of lipids

A

Lipids can be broken down in respiration to release energy
Energy storage
Hormone production

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27
Q

Define phospholipid

A

Phospholipids are a fat like substance in which one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group

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28
Q

What are the elements of protein?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen

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29
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Amino acids

30
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

31
Q

What is the bind between two amino acids called?

A

A peptide bond

32
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A peptide has less than 20 amino acids

33
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polypeptide has more than 20 amino acids

34
Q

What is a protein?

A

A protein has at least 200 amino acids

35
Q

What defines a proteins nature?

A

A proteins nature is defined by the sequence of amino acids in the chain it is made up from

36
Q

What are the differences between a fibrous and globular protein?

A

Globular
Lots of folding
Has a rounded shape
Example enzymes and hormones

Fibrous
Little to no folding
Strong and durable
Long fibres
Example keratin and collagen

37
Q

What is the structural role of protein?

A

keratin which is found in the skin and hair
Myosin found in muscles
Collagen in skin

38
Q

What is the metabolic role of proteins?

A

enzymes to control reactions
Form antibodies
Hormones

39
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Vitamins are complex carbon based structures the body cannot make

40
Q

What is an example of a water soluble vitamin?

A

Vitamin C

41
Q

Sources of water soluble vitamin c are

A

Citrus fruits and veg

42
Q

What is another name for vitamin c?

A

Ascorbic acid

43
Q

What is the metabolic role of vitamin c?

A
  • growth and maintenance of bones and teeth
  • helps immune system to function
  • helps wound healing
44
Q

What are the symptoms and the name of a vitamin c deficiency?

A

Scurvy
Symptoms - bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin and poor skin healing

45
Q

What is an example of a fat soluble vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

46
Q

Sources of vitamin D are

A
  • skin can get it from uv light
  • fish oils
  • milk
    -egg yolk
47
Q

What is the metabolic role of vitamin D?

A
  • helps absorb calcium from the intestine
  • needed for healthy bone and tooth formation
48
Q

What is a vitamin d deficiency and what are the symptoms?

A

In adults osteomalacia
In kids rickets

Symptoms are weak and deformed bones

49
Q

What are two minerals in plants ?

A

Magnesium and calcium

50
Q

Where do plants get their minerals from?

A

Salts in the soils

51
Q

Use of magnesium and calcium in plants

A

Magnesium helps form chlorophyll
Calcium helps cell walls attach to each other

52
Q

Name two minerals found In animals

A

Iron and calcium

53
Q

Where do you get iron and calcium from?

A

Irons from red meat and green veg
Calcium from milk and cheeses

54
Q

What is the use of calcium and iron to animals.

A

Iron helps form haemoglobin
Calcium helps form strong teeth and bones

55
Q

Why does life need water?

A

70-95 percent of cells mass are made of water
Many organisms live in water
All metabolic reactions take place in water
Allows for transport systems in organisms

56
Q

Why is water Important for living things?

A

It is involved in respiration, digestion and photosynthesis
Allows molecules to be dissolved and transported in the body
Gives organisms a stable temperature range
Gives structure in plant cells and red blood cells

57
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within an organism

58
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

These are reactions in which energy is used to convert smaller molecules to larger molecules
Eg muscles formation from amino acids

59
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic reaction are when energy is released as a complex molecule is broken down into a simpler form
Eg digestion of food

60
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Adding benedict’s solution and heating

61
Q

What is the colour change if a reducing sugar is present?

A

blue-brick red

62
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Brown paper test
Placing some butter on a brown piece of paper and as a control only adding water to another piece of paper. Then place in a radiator to dry. A permanent stain should appear on the butter paper and nothing on the water paper

63
Q

What is the colour change if a lipid is present?

A

Brown paper should have a permanent stain

64
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Biuret test
Dissolve a soluble protein in water (egg whites) and label. Then put just water in another to be a control and add sodium hydroxide to both solutions. This will make the solution clear. Then add copper sulphate to both solution and the one with the protein in should change colour

65
Q

What is the colour change if a protein is present?

A

Blue-Purple

66
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add iodine to a solution

67
Q

What is the colour change if a starch is present?

A

Red/yellow - blue/black

68
Q

What elements are sometimes found in proteins?

A

Phosphorus and sulphur

69
Q

What is the percentage mass of water in a cell?

A

70-95%

70
Q

What is the percentage mass of water in a cell?

A

70-95%

71
Q

What are the functions of minerals?

A

Structural Constituents of soft tissue
Regulate the bodies water balance
Transmission of nerve impulses

Biology (11 decks)

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