Human Movement science

Question 1

Biomechanics

Answer 1

science concerned with internal and external forces acting on the body.

Question 2

Force

Answer 2

influence applied by one object to another, accelerates or decelerates the second object.

Question 3

Torque

Answer 3

a force that produces rotation.

The closer the load to the point of rotation, the less torque it creates (i.e., bent arm is easier than straight arm)

Question 4

Lever in the body and class examples (3)

Answer 4

rigid “bar” that rotates around a stationary fulcrum.
1st class—fulcrum in middle (nodding head).
2nd class—resistance in the middle (calf raise).
3rd class—effort in the middle (biceps curl); most common in human limbs.

Question 5

Superior

Answer 5

above a point of reference.

Question 6

Inferior

Answer 6

below a point of reference.

Question 7

Proximal

Answer 7

nearest to a point of reference.

Question 8

Distal

Answer 8

farthest from a point of reference.

Question 9

Posterior

Answer 9

back of the body

Question 10

Anterior

Answer 10

front of the body.

Question 11

Medial

Answer 11

closer to the middle of the body.

Question 12

Lateral

Answer 12

farther from the middle of the body.

Question 13

Contralateral

Answer 13

on the opposite side of the body.

Question 14

Ipsilateral

Answer 14

on the same side of the body.

Question 15

Planes of motion

Answer 15

Frontal, Sagittal, Transverse

Question 16

Sagittal plane

Answer 16

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

Question 17

Frontal plane

Answer 17

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

Question 18

Transverse plane

Answer 18

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Question 19

Flexion

Answer 19

bending movement; decreases relative angle between segments.

Question 20

Extension

Answer 20

straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments.

Question 21

Plantarflexion

Answer 21

extension at the ankle.

Question 22

Dorsiflexion

Answer 22

flexion at the ankle.

Question 23

Abduction

Answer 23

movement in the frontal plane away from the middle.

Question 24

ADDuction

Answer 24

movement in the frontal plane toward the middle.

Question 25

Horizontal abduction

Answer 25

transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral (e.g. chest flies).

Question 26

Horizontal ADDuction

Answer 26

transverse plane arm movement from lateral to anterior.

Question 27

Internal rotation

Answer 27

rotation toward the middle of the body.

Question 28

External rotation

Answer 28

rotation away from the middle of the body.

Question 29

Concentric

Answer 29

moving in opposite direction of force, accelerates or produces force; muscle shortens.

Question 30

Eccentric

Answer 30

muscle developes tension while lengthening; decelerates force.

Question 31

Isometric

Answer 31

muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.

Question 32

Length-tension relationship

Answer 32

resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length.

Question 33

Force-couple

Answer 33

muscles working together to produce movement.

Question 34

Force-velocity curve

Answer 34

as the velocity of a contraction increases, concentric force decreases and eccentric force increases.

Question 35

Structural efficiency

Answer 35

alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support.

Question 36

Davis’s law

Answer 36

soft tissue models along the lines of stress.

Question 37

Autogenic inhibition

Answer 37

neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract; provides inhibitory effect to muscle spindles.

Question 38

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 38

simultaneous contraction of one muscle, and relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement.

Question 39

Relative flexibility

Answer 39

tendency of the body to seek the path of least resistance.

Question 40

Hyperextension

Answer 40

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

Question 41

Isokinetic muscle action

Answer 41

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

Question 42

Length-tension relationship

Answer 42

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length. if muscle lengths are altered, for example, misaligned joints (i.e., poor posture), then they will not generate the needed force to allow for efficient movement.

Question 43

Rotary motion

Answer 43

Movement of the bones around the joints.

Question 44

Load and Torque relationship

Answer 44

the closer the weight is to the (the joint), the less torque it creates. The farther away the weight is from the joint, the more torque it creates.

Question 45

Sensorimotor integration

Answer 45

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

Question 46

Muscle synergies

Answer 46

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.

Question 47

Motor learning

Answer 47

integration of motor control processes through practice, leading to a relatively permanent change to produce skilled movement.

Question 48

Internal feedback

Answer 48

sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

Question 49

External feedback and two types

Answer 49

information provided by outside source: personal trainer, fitness apps and trackers, looking in the mirror; things that are told or shown to a client Knowledge of results- total performance after completing a movement. Knowledge of performance- external feedback on specific performance while a movement is occurring.

Question 50

Motor development

Answer 50

the change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Question 51

Motor control

Answer 51

how the CNS integrates sensory information with previous experiences.

Question 52

Motor behavior

Answer 52

motor response to internal and external stimuli.

Question 53

Pattern overload

Answer 53

consistently repeating the same motion; places abnormal stresses on the body.

Question 54

Postural distortion patterns

Answer 54

predictable patterns of muscle imbalances.

Question 55

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 55

muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist.

Question 56

Synergistic dominance

Answer 56

inappropriate muscle takes over function of a weak or inhibited prime mover.

Question 57

Muscle imbalance

Answer 57

alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint.

Question 58

To best explain an exercise to a client: | 3 steps

Answer 58

1) Tell them how to do it (auditory cuing) 2) Show them how to do it (visual cuing) 3) Have them do it and think about how it feels (kinesthetic cueing; integrating internal and external feedback