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NASM CPT Flash Cards > Human Movement science > Flashcards

Human Movement science Flashcards

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NASM ® CPT flashcards
1
Q

Biomechanics

A

science concerned with internal and external forces acting on the body.

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2
Q

Force

A

influence applied by one object to another, accelerates or decelerates the second object.

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3
Q

Torque

A

a force that produces rotation.

The closer the load to the point of rotation, the less torque it creates (i.e., bent arm is easier than straight arm)

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4
Q

Lever in the body and class examples (3)

A

rigid “bar” that rotates around a stationary fulcrum.
1st class—fulcrum in middle (nodding head).
2nd class—resistance in the middle (calf raise).
3rd class—effort in the middle (biceps curl); most common in human limbs.

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5
Q

Superior

A

above a point of reference.

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6
Q

Inferior

A

below a point of reference.

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7
Q

Proximal

A

nearest to a point of reference.

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8
Q

Distal

A

farthest from a point of reference.

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9
Q

Posterior

A

back of the body

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10
Q

Anterior

A

front of the body.

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11
Q

Medial

A

closer to the middle of the body.

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12
Q

Lateral

A

farther from the middle of the body.

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13
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body.

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14
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body.

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15
Q

Planes of motion

A

Frontal, Sagittal, Transverse

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16
Q

Sagittal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

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17
Q

Frontal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.

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18
Q

Transverse plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

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19
Q

Flexion

A

bending movement; decreases relative angle between segments.

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20
Q

Extension

A

straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments.

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21
Q

Plantarflexion

A

extension at the ankle.

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22
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

flexion at the ankle.

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23
Q

Abduction

A

movement in the frontal plane away from the middle.

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24
Q

ADDuction

A

movement in the frontal plane toward the middle.

25
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral (e.g. chest flies).

26
Q

Horizontal ADDuction

A

transverse plane arm movement from lateral to anterior.

27
Q

Internal rotation

A

rotation toward the middle of the body.

28
Q

External rotation

A

rotation away from the middle of the body.

29
Q

Concentric

A

moving in opposite direction of force, accelerates or produces force; muscle shortens.

30
Q

Eccentric

A

muscle developes tension while lengthening; decelerates force.

31
Q

Isometric

A

muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.

32
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length.

33
Q

Force-couple

A

muscles working together to produce movement.

34
Q

Force-velocity curve

A

as the velocity of a contraction increases, concentric force decreases and eccentric force increases.

35
Q

Structural efficiency

A

alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support.

36
Q

Davis’s law

A

soft tissue models along the lines of stress.

37
Q

Autogenic inhibition

A

neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract; provides inhibitory effect to muscle spindles.

38
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

simultaneous contraction of one muscle, and relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement.

39
Q

Relative flexibility

A

tendency of the body to seek the path of least resistance.

40
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

41
Q

Isokinetic muscle action

A

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.

42
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

if muscle lengths are altered, for example, misaligned joints (i.e., poor posture), then they will not generate the needed force to allow for efficient movement.

43
Q

Rotary motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints.

44
Q

Load and Torque relationship

A

the closer the weight is to the (the joint), the less torque it creates. The farther away the weight is from the joint, the more torque it creates.

45
Q

Sensorimotor integration

A

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

46
Q

Muscle synergies

A

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.

47
Q

Motor learning

A

integration of motor control processes through practice, leading to a relatively permanent change to produce skilled movement.

48
Q

Internal feedback

A

sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

49
Q

External feedback and two types

A

information provided by outside source: personal trainer, fitness apps and trackers, looking in the mirror; things that are told or shown to a client

Knowledge of results- total performance after completing a movement.

Knowledge of performance- external feedback on specific performance while a movement is occurring.

50
Q

Motor development

A

the change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

51
Q

Motor control

A

how the CNS integrates sensory information with previous experiences.

52
Q

Motor behavior

A

motor response to internal and external stimuli.

53
Q

Pattern overload

A

consistently repeating the same motion; places abnormal stresses on the body.

54
Q

Postural distortion patterns

A

predictable patterns of muscle imbalances.

55
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist.

56
Q

Synergistic dominance

A

inappropriate muscle takes over function of a weak or inhibited prime mover.

57
Q

Muscle imbalance

A

alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint.

58
Q

To best explain an exercise to a client:

3 steps

A

1) Tell them how to do it (auditory cuing)
2) Show them how to do it (visual cuing)
3) Have them do it and think about how it feels (kinesthetic cueing; integrating internal and external feedback

NASM CPT Flash Cards (19 decks)

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