Basic exercise science Flashcards
Human movement system
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Nervous system
Communication network within the human body, the CNS and PNS
Sensory function
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.
What is proprioception and how does it happen?
The body’s ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body.
Mechanoreceptors send information to the central nervous system.
Neuron
The functional unit of the nervous system.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Respond to stimuli; transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to CNS.
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from CNS to
effector sites.
Central nervous system and it’s primary function.
brain and spinal cord; coordinates activity of the body
Peripheral nervous system
nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body and environment.
What are mechanoreceptors, and name the three types.
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.
1- muscle spindles
2- Golgi tendon organs
3- joint receptors
stretch reflex mechanism
A response by the body to a stretch stimulus in the muscle designed to prevent over-stretching and potential muscle damage.
When a muscle spindle is stretched a response is sent to the spinal chord, which sends a response to contract the muscle.
What are muscle spindles and what do they do?
mechanoreceptors sense change in muscle length
Golgi tendon organs
mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Joint receptors
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
The somatic nervous system
serves outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle; voluntary
The autonomic nervous system and it’s subdivisions
involuntary systems (e.g., heart, digestion).
parasympathetic—decreases activation during rest and recovery.
sympathetic—increases activation to prep for activity.
Functions of the skeletal system
supports protects allows bodily movement produces blood stores minerals.
Joints and their relation to kinetic chain movement
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs.
- movement of one joint directly affects the motion of others (premise behind kinetic chain movement)
function of tendons and what to consider when performing high-intensity exercise
connect muscle to bone and provides an anchor for muscles to produce force; slow healing
Function of ligaments and what to consider when performing high-intensity exercise
connect bone to bone. Provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.
-The slow repairing capabilities of ligaments is important to remember when considering the number of rest days taken and the structure of your daily exercise programming.
The best kind of exercise to help strengthen bones?
Weight-bearing
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Appendicular skeleton
keleton—upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles.
Remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone.
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Diaphysis and its main purpose
The shaft portion of a long bone. The principal role of the diaphysis is support.
Epiphyseal plate
A layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells that connects the diaphysis to the epiphasis in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
Medullar cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones, along with synovial fluid, helps reduce friction in freely movable joints.
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
lumbar vertebrae
These vertebrae support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many of the back muscles (usually a location of pain for individuals due to this fact).
neutral spine
The optimal arrangement of curves in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load.
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion.
Synovial joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and
ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.
- Produces synovial fluid.
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage, little or no movement.
Fascia
outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.
Fascicles
a bundle of muscle fibers
Perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Sarcomere
produces muscular contraction; repeating sections of actin and myosin.
Neural activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Motor unit
A motor neuron (nerve) and all of the muscle fibers it connects (innervates).
- they either contract maximally or not at all
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that transport impulses from nerve to muscle.
Excitation-contraction coupling
The process of neural stimulation creating a muscle
contraction.
- Involves a series of steps that start with the initiation of a neural message (neural activation) and end with a muscle contraction (sliding filament theory).
The sliding filament theory
Thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere
slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere (contracting) and thus shortening muscle and producing force.
Slow Twitch Muscles
smaller size; fatigue slowly.
Fast Twitch Muscles
larger size; quick to produce maximal tension; fatigue quickly.
Agonist muscles
Muscles that act as prime movers.
Synergist muscles
Assist prime movers during movement.
Antagonist muscles
Perform the opposite action of the prime mover.
Stabilizer muscles
Support or stabilize the body.
The endocrine system
system of glands; secretes hormones to regulate bodily function.
Glucagon
Secreted by pancreas to raise blood glucose levels by triggering the release of glycogen stores from the liver.
Glycogen
The stored form of glucose.
Insulin
regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body.
- Secreted by the pancreas , causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood.
Effect of exercise on Glucose and Glucagon
As activity levels increase, glucose uptake by the body’s
cells also increases. Insulin levels will drop during physical activity.
At the same time glucagon secretion by the pancreas increases helping maintain a steady supply of blood glucose.
What physiological effects occur as a result of the adrenal glands secreting epinephrine that help sustain exercise activity?
- increased heart rate and stroke volume
- elevated blood glucose levels
- redistribution of blood to working tissues
- opening of the airways
Testosterones relation to exercise.
Research has indicated that testosterone levels increase after strength training and moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise.
Testosterone also plays a fundamental role in the growth and repair of tissue.
Cortisol in relation to exercise.
maintain energy supply through the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Extremely intense or prolonged bouts of endurance training raise cortisol levels. Under these circumstances, catabolism (breakdown) is likely to outstrip anabolism
(build up) and give rise to symptoms of overtraining.
Growth hormone
anabolic hormone; responsible for bodily growth up until puberty.
Muscle fiber
cellular components and myofibrils encased in a plasma membrane.
Major joint motion types (3)
roll, slide, and spin.
Hinge joint
elbows, ankles; sagittal plane movement.
Ball-and-socket joint
shoulders, hips; most mobile, all three planes of motion
Estrogen
responsible for female sex traits; influences fat deposition on hips, buttocks, and thighs.
