Human Movement Science Flashcards
Regional Interdependence Model
The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.
Kinetic Chain
The concept that describes the human body as a series of interdependent links that work together to produce movement.
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal & external forces acting on the body and their effect.
Kinesology
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy & physiology.
Contralateral vs Ipsilateral
Contralateral:
On the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral:
On the same side of the body
The 3 Planes of Movement
Sagittal: Forward, Backward, Up & Down
Transverse: Rotational. Hip ext/int rot. Pronation/supination. Hip add/abd. Dbl. chest flye
Frontal: Lateral. Abd/Adduction with legs extended straight. Foot Inv/Eversion.
Flexion vs Extension
Flexion: Movement that brings two body segments closer together. Relative angle decreases.
Extension: Movement that brings two body segments further apart. Relative angle increases.
Dorsiflexion vs Plantar flexion
Ankle flexion is dorsiflexion.
Ankle extension is Plantar flexion.
The 4 Scapular Movements
Known as translations.
Protraction: Scaps move away from each other.
Retraction: Scaps move closer together.
Elevation: Scaps move up towards ears.
Depression: Scaps move down.
Scapular Retraction muscles
Middle trapezius & Rhomboids
Scapular Protraction muscles
Serratus anterior and pectorals
Flexibility
The normal extensibility of soft tissue that allows for a full ROM of a joint.
Types of Muscle Actions
Isotonic: Force is produced, muscle tension is developed & movement thru a given ROM occurs. Concentric or Eccent.
Isometric: Muscle tension is created w/o a change in muscle length or movement.
Isokinetic: Sophisticated equip. sets the speed of movement & varies the resistance depending on force.
Eccentric movement
Eccentric is synonymous with DECELERATION. Work is being done TO the muscle, rather than the muscle doing work on an object. Eccentric movements follow the direction of resistance. They are performed as much as conc. in daily life & are able to resist more weight than conc.
Programs designed solely of ecc. movements, stimulate anabolic hormones greater than programs w/ only conc. movements.
Concentric movement
Occurs when the contractile force w/i a muscle is greater than the resistive force, resulting in a visible shortening of the muscle (sliding-filament theory).
Synonymous with acceleration & expends the most energy compared to isometric or ecc.
Isometric movement
Occurs when the contractile force is equal to the resistive force, leading to no visible change in muscle length. (Ex. the pause in b/t lifting & lowering)
Dynamic Stabilization
Isokinetic movement
Occurs when the muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full ROM. Thus, tension in the muscle is at its maximum throughout the whole ROM. Done with sophisticated equip.
Muscle Action Spectrum
The combination of isotonic, isometric & eccentric movement needed to complete an action.
Agonist muscle
The primary mover for a joint movement
Synergist muscle
Assist the Agonist (primary mover) muscle
Stabilizer muscle
Support and stabilize joints by contracting ISOMETRICALLY while the agonist & synergist muscles move thru the muscle action spectrum to perform a movement.
Feed-forward Activation
The ability of certain muscles to automatically contract to provide stability in anticipation of movement
Antagonist muscles
Perform the opposite action of the prime mover Agonist muscle. They are located on the opposite side of a joint.
Closed Chain Movements
The hands and feet are fixed against a grounded object (floor, pull up bar, etc). Requires multiple joint movements in a predictable manner. (Pushups, squats, pull ups, etc)
Open Chain Movements
The hands and feet are not fixed to the ground or stationary surface, and are free to move in space. Does not activate multiple muscles & instead Isolates the prime mover (lat pd, bench press, bicep curl, etc.) Majority non-weight bearing. Independent joint movement of segments only distal to the moving joint.
Open or Closed Chain: Pull Up vs. Lat Pull Down
A pull up is a closed chain exercise, because it involves applying force to an immoveable object, similar to a push up.
A lat pd is an open chain exercise, because the limbs and hands can freely move.
Force definition
The acceleration or deceleration of an object.
Length-Tension Relationship: describe as muscle length relates to strength
The relationship between the resting length of a muscle and the amount of tension it can produce at that length.
There is an ideal balance, in which Actin & Myosin have the greatest degree of optimal overlap, enabling Myosin to make the most connections with Actin, this resulting in optimal force production of the muscle.
Too little neural activation, resulting in a muscle that is too long, also results in myofilaments that are too wide apart.
Too much neural activation, resulting in a muscle that is chronically contracted, also results in myofilaments that are too close together.
Muscle Balance
When all muscles surrounding a join have optimal length-tension relationships (neither side pulling harder)
Altered Length-Tension Relationship
Muscle imbalance.
A muscle is too long or too short/contracted, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
Occurs when a muscle’s resting length is either too long, or too short, causing one side to pull more to the other, exacerbating the muscle that is too long.
The basis for poor posture. Can be remediated thru stretching & ST.
Will affect Reciprocal Inhibition, leading to Altered Reciprocal Inhibition.
Reciprocal Inhibition
The nervous system’s role in the contract-relax relationship between Agonist & Antagonist muscles.
CNS sends simultaneous signals to Agonist to contract & Antagonist to relax.
Altered Reciprocal Inhibition
Occurs when muscles have an Altered Length-Tension Relationship.
Overactive Agonist muscle DECREASES the neural drive to its functional Antagonist.
Elevated neural activity causes the muscle to be in a constant state of contraction, leading it to be chronically active.
Inhibited neural activity causes the muscle to be in a constant state of lengthening, leading it to be chronically underactive, and creating the conditions where it can be pulled by the opposing muscle, leading to muscle imbalance.
Neutral Position
The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently thru its full ROM.
Muscle Imbalance
When muscles on either side of a joint have an altered Length-Tension Relationship.
Muscle Balance
When muscles surrounding a joint have a proper Length-Tension Relationship, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
The basis for plyometrics.
Similar to stretching a rubber band:
The stretch component is eccentric loading, which stores energy and prepare muscles and tendons for a rapid concentric contraction. Box jump.
The storage & release of this elastic energy is increases FORCE PRODUCTION if the time between eccentric & concentric phase is rapid (amortization phase).
Series Elastic Component of muscle
Springlike noncontractile component of muscle & tendon that stores elastic energy
Stretch Reflex
Neurological signal from muscle spindles that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Integrated Performance Paradigm
Running leg.
Efficient movement occurs over the complete Muscle Action Spectrum:
Forces must be dampened (eccentrically)
Stabilized (isometrically)
And the accelerated (concentrically)
Force-Velocity Curve
The relationship between Force, Velocity, and the muscles ability to produce tension at different velocities.
Concentric Movements: Inverse relationship. As the velocity of a conc. muscle increases, its ability to produce force decreases.
Eccentric Movements: Direct relationship. As the velocity of an ecc. movement increases, its ability to develop force also increases, due to the ELASTIC COMPONENT of connective tissue. -The faster the ecc contraction, the more force the muscle is capable of decelerating.
Force-Couple Relationship
The synergistic action of multiple muscles to produce movement around a joint.
Proper force-couple relationships can only occur if there are proper length-tension relationships & arthokinematics.
Local Muscular System
Generally attach on or near the vertebrae and purpose is to stabilize the trunk. Inner core. AKA stabilization system of the core.
Global Muscular System
Larger muscles that initiate movement and tend to function across one or more joints.
Serves to transfer forces thru the core
(for efficiency & protection (rectus ab, lat dorsi, erector spinae)
Categorized into subsystems:
Deep longitudinal
Anterior/Posterior Oblique
Lateral
Highlights the functional elements of Regional Interdependence & Force-Couple Relationships.
Joint Support Systems
Stabilization force-couples (ie-muscles in rotator cuff providing stabilization to the glenohumeral joint).
Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal to the spine.
Deep Longitudinal Subsystem
Part of the Global MS. Includes muscles of the lower leg, hamstring & lower back. They work synergistically to absorb & control ground reaction forces during gait cycle.
Regional Interdependence: as seen in the gait cycle
The Deep Longitudinal Subsystem controls absorption and control of ground reaction in the gait cycle. Ex.- During or just prior to heel strike, the biceps femoris (hamstring) contracts eccentrically to decelerate knee extension. Because the HMs attach at the pelvis, forces are transmitted up to the lower back (erector spinae), highlighting RI.
Posterior Oblique Subsystem
Part of the Global MS. Made up of the lat dorsi, thorclombula fascia, and the contrlateral glute max. Crosses the Sacroiliac joint on a diagonal.
Works together with the DLS during the gait cycle. Just prior to heel strike the glute max and lat dorsi are eccentrically loaded. The force-couple of these muscles are highlighted as they provide stability to the LPHC.
RI is also seen with the POS integration with muscles of the middle & upper back.
Anterior Oblique Subsystem
Includes the external obliques, contralateral adductors, & hip external rotators. Stability to the LPHC and rotation.
Works as a global force-couple with the POS to enable rotational force production in the traverse plane.
Lateral Subsystem
Made up of the adductors (medial thigh), glute med (lateral thigh), and the contralateral quadratus lumborum. Provides frontal plane (side to side) stabilization of the LPHC during movement.
Active during gait cycle. Prevents knees going inward during squat.
First class lever
Fulcrum is in the middle.
Ex. Nodding the head
Second class lever
Resistance is in the middle. Fulcrum and Effort is on either side.
Ex. Wheelbarrow (fulcrum is wheel)
Ex. Calf raise
Third class lever
Effort is in the middle. Resistance and Fulcrum are on either side.
Most limbs of the human body
Effort always travels less than Resistance.
Ex. Curls
Mnemonic for lever classes
F-R-E-1-2-3
Fulcrum is in middle for 1st class
Resistance is in middle for 2nd class
Effort is in middle for 3rd class
Rotary motion & Torque
Bones rotate around joints, thus they create movement around an axis that is known as rotary motion.
Torques measures the amount of force necessary to cause an object to rotate around an axis. Relies on force, length of lever & angle of application of force & lever.
Motor control
The ability to initiate & control purposeful movement.
Achieved when the CNS integrates internal & external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor Behavior
The HMS response to external and internal stimuli.
Muscle synergies
There is never a time when a single muscle is activated alone.
Muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups, making movement more efficient by allowing muscles and joints to work together as a functional unit.
The Agonist together with the Synergist & Stabilizing muscles.
Motor learning
Practice of motor control processes, leading to permanent change in the ability to produce skilled motor behavior.
Proprioception and injury
Can be altered by past injuries.
Is guided by mechanoreceptors
Sensory Motor Integration
Nervous system gathers & interprets sensory infor. to select & execute the proper motor response.
External feedback: knowledge of results & knowledge of performance
Results are given after exe completion. Improves NM efficiency
Performance is given during exe. Serves to get client involved in own sensory process
Neuromuscular Efficiency
The ability of the NM system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force & dynamically stabilize the body
