HMS: Skeletal System Flashcards
Joints
The site where two bones meet, and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction. More than 300.
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton
Arms
Legs
Pelvic girdle
126 bones of 206
Remodeling
A lifelong process of bone renewal consisting of resorption & formation of bone structure by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. During childhood to adol. new bone is added faster than it can be removed, resulting in thicker bones. Peaks in 30s.
Osteoclasts
Cells that breakdown and remove old bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
Cells that form and lay down new bone tissue. Blasts=Building.
Wolff’s Law
Bone remodeling tends to occur along lines of stress placed on the bone. So, weight bearing exe. (Lifting/ Running) helps strengthen bones thru remodeling.
Five Types of Bones
Long: cylindrical shaft (humerus/ femur)
Short: cubical shape (carpals/ tarsals)
Flat: thin, protect, Att. pt. (Ribs/ Sternum)
Irregular: unique from others (vertebrae)
Sesamoid: small & round found in joint capsule, or where tendon passes over a joint (patella)
Long Bone Examples
Upper: Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals & phalanges.
Lower: Femur, tib, fib, metatarsals, phalanges
Long Bone Characteristics
Cylindrical body with irreg. or widened ends. Compact bone tissue for strength and stiffness, but also has spongy bone tissue for shock absorption, and slightly curved.
Long Bone Anatomy: Epiphysis
The wide end of the bone that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells & is one the the primary sites for bone growth (Epiphyseal Growth Plate is located here).
Long Bone Anatomy: Diaphysis
The long shaft of the bone. Medullary cavity containing marrow is located here.
Long Bone Anatomy: Periosteum
The outer covering of the bone that is dense and fibrous, providing an attachment point for tendons & contains nerves, blood vessels & bone producing cells.
Long Bone Anatomy: Cancellous bone tissue
Spongy bone tissue. Located in bone ends (Epiphysis).
Long Bone Anatomy: Epiphyseal Plate
The region of long bone that connects the Epiphysis (end) to the Diaphysis (shaft).
Long Bone Anatomy: Articular cartilage
Cartilage that covers articular surface of bones.
Long Bone Anatomy: Sketch it
Include:
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage
Diaphysis
Medullar cavity
Periosteum
Cancellous
Short Bone Anatomy: Characteristics
Similar in length and width, appearing cubical and consisting mainly of spongy bone tissue for shock absorption. Carpals of wrists & tarsals of ankles.
Flat Bone Anatomy: Characteristics
Thin bones comprised of two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue. Gives protection and attachment site for muscles. Ribs, sternum, scapulae, ilium and cranial bones.
Irregular Bone Anatomy: Characteristics
Unique shape & function. Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, facial bones.
Sesamoid Bone Anatomy
Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint. They develop within tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They serve to improve leverage & protect joints. Patella & some bones in hand/ feet.
Bone Markings: Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of a bone providing attachment points.
Bone Markings: Fossa & Sulcus
Both are depressions. Fossa are flat. Sulcus are indented grooves in a bone that allows soft tissue (muscle, tendon, ligaments) to pass through.
Bone Markings: Processes
Protrusions on the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach. Condyle, epicondyle, tubercle & trochanter.
Bone Markings: Condyle loc.
Distal end of femur and proximal end of tibia.
Bone Markings: Epicondyle loc.
Distal end of the humerus.
Bone Markings: Tubercles loc.
Proximal end of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) providing attachment sites for shoulder musculature. Greater & lesser tubercles.
Bone Markings: Trochanter loc.
Proximal end of the femur, providing attachment sites for hip musculature.
Bone Markings: Spinous loc.
Vertebral column
Vertebral Column Anatomy
Cervical spine: c1-c7
Thoracic spine: t1-t12
Lumbar spine: l1-l5
Sacral spine: s1-s5 fused
Coccyx: 1
Vertebral Column: Cervical spine
Bones C1-C7. Forms a flexible framework and provides support and motion for the head.
Vertebral Column: Thoracic spine
Bones T1-T12. Each vertebra articulates with a rib. Larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size moving distally.
Vertebral Column: Lumbar spine
Bones L1-L5. Largest segments in the spinal column. Supports most of the body’s weight and attached to many back muscles.
Vertebral Column: Sacral spine
Bones S1-S5. Triangular fused bone below lumbar spine.
Vertebral Column: Coccyx
Three to five small fused bones.
Vertebral Bone Count Mnemonic
Breakfast at 7: Cervical
Lunch at 12: Thoracic
Dinner at 5: Lumbar
Neutral Spine characteristics
The optimal arrangement of the spinal S-curve, representing a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amt. of load & can most optimally support mvmt.
Neutral Spine curves
From posterior:
Cervical curve is CONCAVE.
Thoracic curve is CONVEX.
Lumbar curve is CONCAVE.
Intervertebral discs
Fibrous cartilage that provides shock absorption and assist with movement.
Osteokinematics
Observable bone movement (flexion & extension)
Arthokinematics
Non-observable inner joint movement.
Three major types of Arthrokinematics
Roll: One joint rolls across the surface of another. (Femoral condyles roll over Tibial condyles in a squat).
Slide/ Glide: One joint slides/ glides across another. (Tibial condyles slide against Femoral condyles during the bottom of a squat or leg ext).
Spinning: One joint surface rotates on another (Radius head rotates against humerus during pronation/supination).
Synovial Joint
The most common joints associated w/ movement in the body. 80% of joints. All have a synovial capsule that produces synovial fluid from the inner membrane that lubricates and gives nutrition to joint structures w/i the capsule.
Types of Synovial Joints (6)
Ball & socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Condyloid
Gliding Joint
One of the 6 synovial joints, also know as a plane joint, that is a NONAXIAL joint with the simplest & smallest of movements of all joints. (Ex. Joints between Carpals)
Condyloid Joints
One of the 6 synovial joints in which the condyle of one bone fits in to the elliptical cavity of another. Movement primarily occurs in one direction. (Ex. Joints of the fingers-metacarpophalangeal)
Hinge Joint
One of the 6 synovial joints that is uniaxial, moving only in one direction. (Ex. Elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal/ toe)
Saddle Joint
One of the 6 synovial joints. Only occurs in thumb joint. Movement in two directions.
Pivot Joints
One of the 6 synovial joints. Allows movement in one direction. Found at base of skull / atlantoaxial joint & proximal radio-ulnar joint
Ball & Socket Joint
One of the 6 synovial joints. Most mobile. Moves in 3 directions. (Ex. shoulder, hip)
Nonsynovial Joints
Characterized by a lack of synovial capsule or cartilage between uniting structures, they exhibit little to no movement (ex. Skull sutures)
Ligaments
Fibrous tissue comprised of collagen and elastin that connects bone to bone, providing stability & sensory input. Collagen runs parallel to forces acting on the ligament, providing tensile strength. Ligaments have poor vascularity and heal slowly. Also have different mix of collagen to elastin, w/ less elastin in joints where more stability is needed (ACL).
Growth Plate
A specialized cartilage disc. Located in bone’s epiphysis, it is responsible for longitudinal growth.
Bone Mass lifespan
90% of peak bone mass is achieved by age 18 female & 20 male. Total bone mass is 30 for both.
Decline begins after 50.
