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NASM-CPT > HMS: Skeletal System > Flashcards

HMS: Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Joints

A

The site where two bones meet, and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction. More than 300.

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebral column
Rib cage

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Arms
Legs
Pelvic girdle

126 bones of 206

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4
Q

Remodeling

A

A lifelong process of bone renewal consisting of resorption & formation of bone structure by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. During childhood to adol. nee bone is added faster than it can be removed, resulting in thicker bones. Peaks in 30s.

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that breakdown and remove old bone tissue.

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6
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form and lay down new bone tissue. Blasts=Building.

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7
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone remodeling tends to occur along lines of stress placed on the bone. So, weight bearing exe. (Lifting/ Running) helps strengthen bones thru remodeling.

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8
Q

Five Types of Bones

A

Long: cylindrical shaft (humerus/ femur)

Short: cubical shape (carpals/ tarsals)

Flat: thin, protect, Att. pt. (Ribs/ Sternum)

Irregular: unique from others (vertebrae)

Sesamoid: small & round found in joint capsule, or where tendon passes over a joint (patella)

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9
Q

Long Bone Examples

A

Upper: Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals & phalanges.

Lower: Femur, tib, fib, metatarsals, phalanges

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10
Q

Long Bone Characteristics

A

Cylindrical body with irreg. or widened ends. Compact bone tissue for strength and stiffness, but also has spongy bone tissue for shock absorption, and slightly curved.

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11
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Epiphysis

A

The wide end of the bone that contains red marrow that produces red blood cells & is one the the primary sites for bone growth (Epiphyseal Growth Plate is located here).

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12
Q

Next

A
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13
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Diaphysis

A

The long shaft of the bone. Medullary cavity containing marrow is located here.

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14
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Periosteum

A

The outer covering of the bone that is dense and fibrous, providing an attachment point for tendons & contains nerves, blood vessels & bone producing cells.

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15
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Cancellous bone tissue

A

Spongy bone tissue. Located in bone ends (Epiphysis).

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16
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Epiphyseal Plate

A

The region of long bone that connects the Epiphysis (end) to the Diaphysis (shaft).

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17
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Articular cartilage

A

Cartilage that covers articular surface of bones.

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18
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Sketch it

A

Include:

Epiphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage
Diaphysis
Medullar cavity
Periosteum
Cancellous

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19
Q

Short Bone Anatomy: Characteristics

A

Similar in length and width, appearing cubical and consisting mainly of spongy bone tissue for shock absorption. Carpals of wrists & tarsals of ankles.

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20
Q

Flat Bone Anatomy: Characteristics

A

Thin bones comprised of two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue. Gives protection and attachment site for muscles. Ribs, sternum, scapulae, ilium and cranial bones.

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21
Q

Irregular Bone Anatomy: Characteristics

A

Unique shape & function. Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, facial bones.

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22
Q

Sesamoid Bone Anatomy

A

Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint. They develop within tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension. They serve to improve leverage & protect joints. Patella & some bones in hand/ feet.

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23
Q

Bone Markings: Depressions

A

Flattened or indented portions of a bone providing attachment points.

24
Q

Bone Markings: Fossa & Sulcus

A

Both are depressions. Fossa are flat. Sulcus are indented grooves in a bone that allows soft tissue (muscle, tendon, ligaments) to pass through.

25
Q

Bone Markings: Processes

A

Protrusions on the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach. Condyle, epicondyle, tubercle & trochanter.

26
Q

Bone Markings: Condyle loc.

A

Distal end of femur and proximal end of tibia.

27
Q

Bone Markings: Epicondyle loc.

A

Distal end of the humerus.

28
Q

Bone Markings: Tubercles loc.

A

Proximal end of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) providing attachment sites for shoulder musculature. Greater & lesser tubercles.

29
Q

Bone Markings: Trochanter loc.

A

Proximal end of the femur, providing attachment sites for hip musculature.

30
Q

Bone Markings: Spinous loc.

A

Vertebral column

31
Q

Vertebral Column Anatomy

A

Cervical spine: c1-c7

Thoracic spine: t1-t12

Lumbar spine: l1-l5

Sacral spine: s1-s5 fused

Coccyx: 1

32
Q

Vertebral Column: Cervical spine

A

Bones C1-C7. Forms a flexible framework and provides support and motion for the head.

33
Q

Vertebral Column: Thoracic spine

A

Bones T1-T12. Each vertebra articulates with a rib. Larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size moving distally.

34
Q

Vertebral Column: Lumbar spine

A

Bones L1-L5. Largest segments in the spinal column. Supports most of the body’s weight and attached to many back muscles.

35
Q

Vertebral Column: Sacral spine

A

Bones S1-S5. Triangular fused bone below lumbar spine.

36
Q

Vertebral Column: Coccyx

A

Three to five small fused bones.

37
Q

Vertebral Bone Count Mnemonic

A

Breakfast at 7: Cervical

Lunch at 12: Thoracic

Dinner at 5: Lumbar

38
Q

Neutral Spine characteristics

A

The optimal arrangement of the spinal S-curve, representing a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amt. of load & can most optimally support mvmt.

39
Q

Neutral Spine curves

A

From posterior:

Cervical curve is CONCAVE.

Thoracic curve is CONVEX.

Lumbar curve is CONCAVE.

40
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Fibrous cartilage that provides shock absorption and assist with movement.

41
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Observable bone movement (flexion & extension)

42
Q

Arthokinematics

A

Non-observable inner joint movement.

43
Q

Three major types of Arthrokinematics

A

Roll: One joint rolls across the surface of another. (Femoral condyles roll over Tibial condyles in a squat).

Slide/ Glide: One joint slides/ glides across another. (Tibial condyles slide against Femoral condyles during the bottom of a squat or leg ext).

Spinning: One joint surface rotates on another (Radius head rotates against humerus during pronation/supination).

44
Q

Synovial Joint

A

The most common joints associated w/ movement in the body. 80% of joints. All have a synovial capsule that produces synovial fluid from the inner membrane that lubricates and gives nutrition to joint structures w/i the capsule.

45
Q

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

A

Ball & socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Condyloid

46
Q

Gliding Joint

A

One of the 6 synovial joints, also know as a plane joint, that is a NONAXIAL joint with the simplest & smallest of movements of all joints. (Ex. Joints between Carpals)

47
Q

Condyloid Joints

A

One of the 6 synovial joints in which the condyle of one bone fits in to the elliptical cavity of another. Movement primarily occurs in one direction. (Ex. Joints of the fingers-metacarpophalangeal)

48
Q

Hinge Joint

A

One of the 6 synovial joints that is uniaxial, moving only in one direction. (Ex. Elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal/ toe)

49
Q

Saddle Joint

A

One of the 6 synovial joints. Only occurs in thumb joint. Movement in two directions.

50
Q

Pivot Joints

A

One of the 6 synovial joints. Allows movement in one direction. Found at base of skull / atlantoaxial joint & proximal radio-ulnar joint

51
Q

Ball & Socket Joint

A

One of the 6 synovial joints. Most mobile. Moves in 3 directions. (Ex. shoulder, hip)

52
Q

Nonsynovial Joints

A

Characterized by a lack of synovial capsule or cartilage between uniting structures, they exhibit little to no movement (ex. Skull sutures)

53
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous tissue comprised of collagen and elastin that connects bone to bone, providing stability & sensory input. Collagen runs parallel to forces acting on the ligament, providing tensile strength. Ligaments have poor vascularity and heal slowly. Also have different mix of collagen to elastin, w/ less elastin in joints where more stability is needed (ACL).

54
Q

Growth Plate

A

A specialized cartilage disc. Located in bone’s epiphysis, it is responsible for longitudinal growth.

55
Q

Bone Mass lifespan

A

90% of peak bone mass is achieved by age 18 female & 20 male. Total bone mass is 30 for both.

Decline begins after 50.

NASM-CPT (4 decks)

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