Human Growth and Development Flashcards
behaviors
individual responses or reactions to internal stimuli and external conditions
biology
individual’s genetic makeup
determinants of health
range of social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
Healthy People 2020
an evidence based 10 year report card describing health care accomplishments within the United States from the years 2000 to 2010
infant mortality rate
number of deaths that occur before 1 year of age per 100 live births
Leading Health Indicators
selected high priority issues
life expectancy
average number of years a person born in a given year is expected to live
physical environment
thought of as that which can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, and tasted
social environment
interactions with family, friends, coworkers, and others in the community
accreditation
process by which an institution is recognized as meeting specific predetermined standards of care
Federal Register
Federal legislation concerning health care which is recorded and published
health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
provide care for prepaid members
homeopathy
the use of minute proportions of naturally occurring chemicals for their healing power
informed consent
the nurse is responsible to sign as a witness that a patient has received info regarding risks, advantages, and alternatives available for a planned procedure in a language understood by the patient
managed care organizations (MCOs)
attempt to standardize and control costs of health care
Medicaid
benefits are provided on an basis of need or poverty
Medicare
Benefits are received after contributions are maid through payroll deductions
nurse practice acts
defines the scope of practice for nurses within the state
Nursing Licensure Compact (NLC)
enables traveling nurses to function in multiple states
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
requires standards of safety to be maintained by employers to protect the health and safety of employees and mandates the reporting of injuries sustained by workers
plan of care
developed as a tool for multidisciplinary communication and can be an individual patient plan of care, a family plan of care, or a hospital care path
political action committees (PACs)
influence legislation by offering monetary contributions to legislators who support their needs and by providing lobbying efforts to create and awareness of needed legislation
preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
contract with professional to provide care to a specific group of patients at an agree-on-fee-for-service rate
scope of practice
identification of and legal limitations to the usual and customary skills practiced by a professional
standards of practice
foundations of laws related to consumer protection
acculturation
adjustment to a new culture, results in differences in practice within the same cultural group
alternative medicine
therapies that are used instead of Western medical care
beliefs
cultural teachings of practice and values that are handed down for generations; deep
complementary medicine
therapies that are used together with Western therapies
cultural awareness
recognizing the history of patients’ ancestry or culture and how their customs influence the handling of problems, issues, or teachings
cultural care
consists of health-promotion activities initiated by a culturally competent health-care worker
cultural competance
awareness of, acceptance, and respect for beliefs, values, traditions, and practice that are different from one’s own
cultural interventions
achieved when health-care info is presented in a way that includes specific cultural styles, colors, pictures, symbol, and so forth, that add credibility to the content by
cultural sensitivity
observing and demonstrating knowledge or culturally appropriate verbal language, body language, use of personal space, and gesture of respect towards family members
cultural stereotyping
assumption that all the people in one culture behave the same thing
culture
set of learned valued, beliefs, customs, and behaviors that is shared by a common group and is passes through generations of family
ethnicity
cultural patterns shared by people with the same cultural heritage
ethnocentric
believing their culture, beliefs, and values to be superior to other
stereotyping
all people from a specific cultural or ethnic group behave or believe the same way
values
deep feelings about what is right or wrong, good or bad; most personal values are learned in a childhood and are influenced by a culture
blended family
one or both spouses bring children from previous relationships into a new family unit
cultural assimilation
process by which members of a specific culture group lose the characteristics of that group and adapt practices of another group
cultural relativism
concept that normality come from the standard social practices of a specific culture
culture shock
effect of a sudden, drastic change in the cultural environment of an individual or family
developmental stage
period in life characterized by the master of a specific skills or behaviors
developmental task
competency or skill that helps a person cope with the environment or advance personal development
dysfunctional family
a family that does not offer consistency of members or rules, may exhibit poor interpersonal relationships among its members, deal poorly with conflicts and problems, and often cannot reach out to the community for help
Facebook depression
common term used for the teen who overuses social networking to the point of altering sleep and eating habits and isolating himself from peers and family, eventually succumbing general depression
family
basic social system that involves commitment and interaction among its members
family systems theory
based on the understanding the family functions are interconnected
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
witnessing parental violence or any event that causes upheaval or disruption of family life
sexting
sending or receiving sexually explicit text message or picture
sibling rivalry
competition or struggle between 2 or more children in a family; usually for parental attention and love
theory
group of concepts that forms that basis for understanding observations
behavioral theories
designed to explain the development of specific behaviors and suggest their relationships to other developing social skills
behaviorist theory
learning and interaction with the environment is the center of development
classical conditioning
pairing things in the environment
cognitive theories
advancement of the development of theories
Electra anxiety
little girls compete with their mothers for the love and attention of their fathers
extrovert
outgoing person who focuses on others in the environment
humanist theories
describe the influence of human experiences such as love, and attachment on behavior and personality development
information-processing theory
info is input, is processed mentally, and is then followed by an output of judgement and decision making
introvert
quiet person who focuses inwardly on self
looking-glass self
self image is formed through 3 steps 1) imagining how we portray our selves to other 2) imagining how other evaluating us 3) combining these impressions to formulate a self concept or idea of what we are like
moral reasoning
development of a set of rules that enables a person to differentiate right form wrong; based on perception and integration of these rules
Oedipus complex
little boy compete with their father for the love and attention of their mothers
operant conditioning
involves behavioral consequences such as reward or punishment
psychodynamic theories
focus on personality-trait development of thinking
social-learning theory
involves exposure to and imitation of a behavior
sociocultural theories
how culture influences behaviors
apgar score
rating of heart, respiration
attachment
refers to an affectoinate tie that occurs over time as result of parent infant interaction
bonding
strong emotional tie between parent and newborn
chromosome
thread of protein and dna
dizygotic
fraternal twins
dominant gene
will over power a recessive gene
ectopic pregnancy
zygote does not move freely through the fallopian tube, can rupture
en face
face to face bonding with mother and baby
engrossment
intense focus on the newborn
fetal alchohal syndrome
mental retardation and abnormal facial features
fetus
developing baby
gene therapy
placing theraputic gene on virus vector
genome
complete set of dna in all cells
gestation
fetal life
gestational diabetes
diabetes during pregnancy
monozygotic
identicle twins
multifetal
twins triplets etc.
mutated
variations that can be abnormal
syndrome
group of symptoms or signs to abnormal condition
viable
able to survive outside uterus
virus vector
virus that can enter specific cells in the body
autonomy
independance
ceophalocaudal
progression of growth pattern
coping skill
behavior that helps person adapt
defense mechanism
reaction that is protective
development
indicates and increase in function
expressive
can say it
growth
increase in size
infant
4 weeks to 1 year
lenght
measured while infant is laying
nonverbal language
language of motions
norms
guidelines concerning the ages of at which specific skills are achieved
nursing carries
cavities that occur when the infant is put to bed while sucking on milk
object performance
knowing the object is there even though one cannot see it
ordinal position
only child, oldest, middle
personality
unique combo of characteristics that result in behavior
pincer action
enables the infant to grasp with thumb and finger
preverbal
first year of life
receptive
can understand it
dental caries
cavities
age appropriate toys
toys that are safe for age group
cooperative play
3 to 4 year olds playing together
corporal punishment
spanking
discipline
guiding
early childhood
1 to 6 years of age
immunity
bodys resistance to disease causing organisms
oropharynx
back of the throat
parallel play
plays next to friend but not with them
pincer grasp
pick up small objects with thumb and finger
preschool phase
2 to 6 years of age
time out
response to unacceptable behavior
toddler phase
1 to 2 years of age
cognitive style
pattern of thought and reasoning
middle childhood
6 to 12 years
mnenomic technique
rythm for remembering things
moral behaviors
actions based on moral behaviors
plaque
sticky mass that grows on teeth
social cognition
interact better with peers and can enhance their self concept
abstinence
avoid sexual intercource
adolescence
bridge between childhood and adulthood
asynchronous
different parts of the body mature at different times
clique
social group with fixed exclusive membership
ejaculation
release of sperm during an orgasm
empathy
understanding how others feel
menarche
first menstrual period
nocturnal emissions
ejaculate during sleep
ovulation
one of eggs finally matures and is released from the ovary
puberty
sexual maturity
secondary sex characteristics
not involved in the reproductive process but appear at this time
spermatogenesis
production of sperm
vigorous exercise
20 min of sweaty exercise
exercise
consists of specifically planned activities
hysterectomy
removal of uterus
intimacy
one of the major tasks for adulthood
intimate partner violence
domestic violence
PID
damage of this can cause ectopic pregnancy
physical activity
daily activities that use energy
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
the major cause of PID
structure
each “season of life” has a structure that is separated by transitional periods
testicular self-examination (TSE)
examining testicles to prevent testicular cancer and other diseases
transitional phase
choices are reviewed and reevaluated, and changes may be made
vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)
controversial topic (idk)
young adulthood
20-40 years of age
climacteric
time in life in which hormonal changes result in cessation of the reproductive ability in the female and a corresponding decrease in sexual activity in the male
“empty nest syndrom”
gown children start to leave home for the first time and may increase the feelings of isolation
generativity
contribution in a positive way to family or community
hot flashes
may result when the capillaries dilate and blood rushes to the skin surface; body feels warm, the woman may sweat, and then vasoconstriction occurs and the woman feels cold
identity accomodation
changing the concept of one’s own identity to fit reality, rather than what was dreamed
menopause
cessation of the menstrual period caused by hormonal changes in the body
middle adulthood
40-60 years of age
midlife crisis
may fear the inevitability of their own mortality which may lead to despair; try to make up for lost opportunities of the past or challenge the inevitability of the future
reproductive health
health of the reproductive organs in all persons
sandwich generation
must handle increased financial and emotional responsibilities related to their children and their older and possibly dependent parents
sexuality
involves beliefs and behaviors that surround physiological responses, emotions, and sociocultural values
stagnation
total concern for self and denial of the developmental process
assistive devices
walkers, canes, respiratory equipment, hearing aids, and electronic emergency-response devices
disengagement
removing emotional attachments to people, places, and objects which is part of the natural aging process
elder abuse
infliction of harm or neglect through actions or acts of omission
late adulthood
65-74 years of age
polypharmacy
ingestion of multiple medications in one day
relatedness
a sense of belonging
activities of daily living (ADLs)
bathing, brushing, dressing, and eating may need for the patient to be in a nursing home or long-term care facility
ageism
people of advanced old age avoided
Alzheimer’s disease
involves loss of memory, disorientation, loss of the ability to communicate and function in social situations
apoptosis
the membrane surrounding the cell breaks down
atrophy
decrease in size; neurons atrophy during the aging process, and the transmission of impulses to the brain becomes sluggish
biological clock
during apoptosis, the debris is phagocytized (eaten) by surrounding cellular materials
free radical
one ion breaks off and is no longer paired
geriatrics
study of rapidly expanding age group has become a specialty in the health care field
immune theory
the end result is that the body’s immune response is impaired which causes the aging person to be more susceptible to variety of illnesses or infections
osteoporosis
thinning of the bone
senescene
a period in an older adult’s life in which the body begins to age and weaken
wear-and-tear theory
human body wears out and breaks down
Advanced health care directives (AHCDs)
used to inform health-care providers and family members of the wishes of the patient as related to the level of lifesaving measures or heroics to be used when the patient is near death and is unable to communicate
assisted suicide
action of a person other than the patient to facilitate suicide
euthanasia
intentional act (such has lethal injections of drug) which causes death
hospice care
program that supports the patient and family through the dying process and helps the survivors through the period of bereavement
therapeutic communication
involves accepting the patient’s emotional outbursts and expressions of anger encouraging venting and verbalization
therapeutic presence
remaining near the patient and family, or simply holding a hand, provides strength while facilitating the expression of emotions and grief
anticipatory grief
grief that occurs before the loss
bereavement
involves grief and mourning
condolence
express sympathy or to grieve together
eulogy
a speech usually presented at the funeral ceremony intended to memorialize the deceased by including a condensed life history, details of interests and achievements at home and work, family memories, and a summary of what the deceased enjoyed in life
funeral
an activity shortly after death involving a meaningful ceremony to remember the life of a deceased
grief
emotional responses to a loss and is a process through which a survivor accepts the loss
legacy
grandchild, property, a culture, an organization, or writings
mourning
an outward expression of grief
