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HOSA > HOSA Forensic Science > Flashcards

HOSA Forensic Science Flashcards

1
Q

who helped advance fingerprints, firearms, and hair analysis

A

victor balthazard

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2
Q

who was credited with developing a probability model that showed fingerprints are unique

A

victor balthazard

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3
Q

who developed an advanced photographic method of comparing markings on bullets

A

victor balthazard

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4
Q

what is the identification of suspects using 11 body measurements

A

anthropometry/bertillonage

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5
Q

who created anthropometry

A

alphonse bertillon

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6
Q

when was anthropometry popular

A

1883-1900s

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7
Q

who was the first forensic scientist that used fingerprints to solve a case?

A

alphonse bertillon

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8
Q

who was the cousin of charles darwin

A

sir francis galton

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9
Q

who developed the first classification for fingerprints

A

sir francis galton

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10
Q

what is used to describe one of the features found on fingerprints in the us

A

galton ridge

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11
Q

who is credited with establishing examination of firearms evidence in the us

A

galvin goddard

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12
Q

who coined the term criminalistics

A

hans gross

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13
Q

what does criminalistics refer to

A

the forensics analysis of physical evidence

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14
Q

who wrote kriminologie

A

hans gross

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15
Q

what is locards exchange principal?

A

every contact leaves a trace

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16
Q

who created locards exchange principle

A

edmond locard

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17
Q

who is the founder of forensic toxicology

A

mathieu orfila

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18
Q

who spent a good deal of their time studying poison

A

mathieu orfila

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19
Q

what poison did mathieu orfila spend the most time studying

A

arsenic

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20
Q

what is the adversarial system

A

two positions arguing for acceptance

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21
Q

what is a judge and jury also called

A

finder of fact/ trier of truth

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22
Q

what is the scientific method

A

data based and founded on concepts taken collectively through a series of steps

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23
Q

what is the first step of the scientific method

A

formulate hypothesis

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24
Q

what is the second step of the scientific method

A

test hypothesis using observation or experimentation

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25
Q

what is the third step of the scientific method

A

based on results, revise hypothesis and repeat 1 and 2

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26
Q

what is the fourth step of the scientific method

A

continue until the data is in agreement with hypothesis

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27
Q

what is the first thing a forensic scientist should do

A

distinguish evidence from coincidence

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28
Q

what is the 2nd thing a forensic scientist should do

A

rank alternative results based on the basic principals in applied sciences

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29
Q

what is the third thing a forensic scientist should do

A

allow for certainty and probabilistic considerations wherever appropriate through this ranking

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30
Q

what is the fourth thing a forensic scientist should do

A

disallow hypothesis more extraordinary than facts

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31
Q

what is the fifth thing a forensic scientist should do

A

pursue specific details

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32
Q

what is the sixth thing a forensic scientist should do

A

pursue testing by addressing smallest logical component of the hypothesis one at a time

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33
Q

what are the opinions of charles sander pierce

A

contrite fallibilism

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34
Q

what is contrite fallibilism

A

the awareness of how much we do not know and the humanity to acknowledge the possibility of making mistakes

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35
Q

what are public laboratories?

A

laboratories funded by the government

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36
Q

what are private laboratories?

A

businesses designed to make a profit

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37
Q

what do most private laboratories specialized in?

A

DNA and forensic toxicology

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38
Q

what is the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner tasked with?

A

death investigations and houses laboratories associated with performing autopsies

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39
Q

what will the office of the Chief Medical Examiner also have?

A

toxicology laboratories to analyze postmortem samples

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40
Q

what do full-service laboratories cover?

A

DNA, drug analysis, firearms and tool marks, trace evidence, and fingerprints

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41
Q

what is an example of a full-service laboratory?

A

FBI Laboratory in Quantico, Virginia

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42
Q

What is a small branch laboratory?

A

laboratory that focuses on one type of evidence

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43
Q

what are the jobs of a forensic scientist that is also a police officer?

A

respond to crime scenes, process and collect evidence, deliver evidence for further testing

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44
Q

what is a accreditation?

A

a laboratory that agrees to work according to professional standards and proves that it can and does operate this way

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45
Q

what does accreditation also require?

A

re-accreditation on a set schedule

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46
Q

what is certification?

A

a forensic scientist that has completed a written test covering their discipline

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47
Q

what board covers the most diverse set of forensic disciplines?

A

American Board of Criminalistics

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48
Q

how does certification begin?

A

passing a multiple-choice test

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49
Q

what can you do after certification?

A

to be further certified in a specialty area

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50
Q

what does this level of certification require?

A

a successful completion of yearly proficiency tests

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51
Q

Mathieu Orfila

A

(1787-1853) Founder of forensic toxicology, studied positions, and worked on the Marie Lafarge poisoning case

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52
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

(1822-1911) Developed the first classification system for fingerprints, published the book Fingerprints in 1892, and described the loop, arch, and whorl of fingerprint patterns

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53
Q

Hans Gross

A

(1847-1915) Generalist who believed in diverse approaches to forensic science, and published the first forensic textbook, Criminal Investigation, in 1893

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54
Q

Victor Bathazard

A

(1852-1950) Paris Medical Examiner who advanced fingerprints, firearm and hair analysis, showed that fingerprint are unique to the 10^60, and used photography to help identify bullets

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55
Q

Alphonse Bertillion

A

(1853-1914) Developed anthropometry and was the first to solve a case using the fingerprints

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56
Q

Edmond Locard

A

(1877-1966) Established a forensic lab in Lyons France in 1910, founded the Locard Exchange Principle and focused on trace evidence

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57
Q

Calvin Goddard

A

(1891-1955) established the study of firearms evidence in the US, established a variety of police labs in the US, and invented the comparison scope

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58
Q

anthropometry

A

system of identification of suspects involving 11 body measurements+descriptions+photos

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59
Q

criminalistics

A

describe forensic analysis of physical evidence

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60
Q

Locard Exchange Principal

A

every contact leaves a trace

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61
Q

Juan Vucitech

A

(1891) who began the first fingerprint files

62
Q

The Henry Classification System

A

classification for fingerprinting in all European Countries

63
Q

1 in 64 billion

A

Sir Francis Galton’s odds for two fingerprints being the same

64
Q

the scientific method

A

system in which forensic scientists work

65
Q

the adversarial system

A

system in which lawyers work

66
Q

finder of fact

A

judge or jury who determines “right” in a case

67
Q

civil cases

A

occur when laws have been broken, the government in the prosecutor and guilt but be shown beyond a reasonable doubt (99%)

68
Q

felony

A

serious criminal case, possibility of greater than 1 year in prison

69
Q

misdemeanor

A

minor criminal case, possible of a fine or less than 1 year in jain

70
Q

voir dire

A

qualifications of scientists given in a court of law

71
Q

subpoena

A

a statement requiring someone to appear in court and stating the when and where the trial will be held

72
Q

Gilbert Thomas

A

(1882) who used fingerprints officially in the US for the first time

73
Q

Dr. Henry Faulds

A

(1880) first to come up with a classification system based on fingerprints

74
Q

when was the first fingerprint identification made?

A

1892

75
Q

when was the idea of fingerprinting introduced to England/Wales

A

1901

76
Q

Karl Landsteiner

A

discovered ABO blood typing and received the Nobel Prize in medicine for this work in 1930

77
Q

Alec Jeffreys

A

geneticist who developed DNA testing

78
Q

Colin Pitchfork

A

first criminal convicted by DNA evidence

79
Q

William Hershel (1856)

A

the first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification

80
Q

Forensic Nurse

A

trained to treat trauma patients (assaulted), take blood and tissue samples, collect evidence, photography, and measure wounds

81
Q

rules of evidence

A

allows expert witnesses to explain techniques in court

82
Q

daubert trilology

A

judge becomes gatekeeper to determine the admissibility of evidence while following the court framework

83
Q

frye standard

A

new methods must be generally accepted by scientists

84
Q

federal rules of evidence

A

allows expert witnesses to explain techniques in court

85
Q

direct evidence

A

evidence that establishes something without further work (eyewitness testimony)

86
Q

circumstantial evidence

A

evidence that requires reasonable inferences to be drawn (DNA found at crime scene)

87
Q

class characteristic evidence

A

evidence that doesn’t indicate a specific individual (shell casing, sneaker prints)

88
Q

individual characteristic evidence

A

evidence that does indicate a specific individual (fingerprints, DNA)

89
Q

associative evidence

A

things found at crime scene that can be matched to an exemplar (standard)

90
Q

biological evidence

A

human (or other) tissues used to identify a person or animal. Includes DNA testing

91
Q

chemical evidence

A

includes drugs, explosive, toxicology, ect.

92
Q

trace evidence

A

random stuff left at a crime scene and taken from a crime scene due to Locard’s Exchange Principle

93
Q

Fingerprint evidence

A

fingerprints and their identification and developments

94
Q

firearm and tool mark evidence

A

fired bullets, casings, gun powder residue, impressions left by tools, ect.

95
Q

questioned documents

A

examining documents for forgery

96
Q

primary crime scene

A

site of first criminal activity in case

97
Q

secondary crime scene

A

site of following criminal activity in a case

98
Q

macroscopic crime scene

A

the whole crime scene

99
Q

microscopic crime scene

A

small, contained parts of the crime scene

100
Q

link search

A

one type of evidence leads to another (most common)

101
Q

line search

A

work horizontally across an area with large groups of volunteers (best outdoors, requires a large

102
Q

grid search

A

work horizontally and vertically across an area with large groups of volunteers (time consuming but effective)

103
Q

wheel search

A

spread out like spokes on a wheel from the center. (best used in a small circular crime scene, uncommon)

104
Q

spiral search

A

works outwards in concentric circles (limited best used in water)

105
Q

coroner

A

Government agent responsible for performing death investigations. typical in rural areas

106
Q

medical examiner

A

appointed to work on death investigations. Required to be licensed to practice medicine

107
Q

cause of death

A

diseases/trauma that was direct cause of death

108
Q

mechanism of death

A

specific occurrence that caused death

109
Q

manner of death

A

how the cause of death came about (natural, accidental, homicide, suicide)

110
Q

rigor mortis

A

stiffening of the muscles after death

111
Q

4-36 hours after death

A

time frame for rigor mortis

112
Q

livor mortis

A

Discoloration of the body after death due to setting of the red blood cells

113
Q

12-36 hours

A

time frame for livor mortis

114
Q

algor mortis

A

cooling of body after death

115
Q

37 C

A

normal human body temp

116
Q

1.5 F per hour

A

time frame for cooling of a nude body a 20 C

117
Q

incised wounds

A

Injury produced with a sharp instrument and characterized by lack of surface abrasion and bridging vessels/nerves

118
Q

autopsy

A

dissection to determine cause of death

119
Q

mechanical trauma

A

occurs when something with force breaks tissue

120
Q

sharp force trauma

A

occurs when a sharp objects breaks tissues. produces incised wounds

121
Q

blunt force trauma

A

occurs when a dull objects with a large amount of force breaks tissue. produces lacerations

122
Q

penetrating gunshot

A

gunshot with no exit wound

123
Q

perforating gunshot

A

gunshot with an exit wound

124
Q

perforating gunshot

A

gunshot with an exit wound

124
Q

perforating gunshot

A

gunshot with an exit wound

124
Q

perforating gunshot

A

gunshot with an exit wound

124
Q

perforating gunshot

A

gunshot with an exit wound

124
Q

perforating gunshot

A

gunshot with an exit wound

124
Q

perforating gunshot

A

gunshot with an exit wound

125
Q

contact gunshot

A

leaves large lacerations, blackened skin, and carboxymyglobin

126
Q

distant gunshot

A

circular hole in skin, defective and abraded skin

127
Q

exit wounds

A

typically the larger and more lacerated gunshot wounds, except in contact gunshots

128
Q

chemical trauma

A

deaths resulting from drugs/poisons

129
Q

thermal trauma

A

deaths resulting from excessive temperatures

130
Q

hypothermia

A

excessive cold

131
Q

hyperthermia

A

excessive heat

132
Q

electrical trauma

A

passage of electricity through a person

133
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

quivering of the heart, can be caused by low voltage electricity

134
Q

tetany

A

sustained contraction of the heart, can be caused by high voltage

135
Q

asphyxias

A

interruption of oxygen to the brain

136
Q

drowning

A

water in the lings, diatoms in bone marrow

137
Q

ligature strangulation

A

leaves no fracture of thyroid cartilage only signs are asphyxia and furrow on the neck

138
Q

300 g

A

normal heart weight?

139
Q

cadeveric spasm

A

forceful muscle contraction at the moment of death

140
Q

autolysis

A

when internal organs, including the brain, self loosen after death

141
Q

adipocere

A

waxy, grey fat that occurs when bodies are in water

142
Q

macerated

A

softening and breaking down of skin from prolonged exposure to water

143
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

144
Q

myocardial infraction

A

a blockage of the heart that results in the death of heart muscle

145
Q

epidural hemorrhage

A

hemorrhage due to trauma between the dura mater and the skull

146
Q

arachnoid

A

two thin, filming transparent membranes that cover the brain directly below the mater

HOSA (10 decks)

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