Human Genome and Genetic Engineering

Question 0

Gene expression

Answer 0

When a gene is turned “on” it makes mRNA, which makes a protein

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

All the DNA that is contained is an organisms nucleus

Question 2

Operon

Answer 2

DNA with an “on/off” switch

Ensures energy not wasted making things the cell doesn’t need

Question 3

Two kinds of operon

Answer 3

Repressive operon

Inducible operon

Question 4

Repressible operon

Answer 4

Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”

Question 5

Inducible operon

Answer 5

Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”

Question 6

How do eukaryotes control which gene is turned on/off?

Answer 6

1. Tighten up DNA so no proteins made or loosen DNA so proteins made
2. Make proteins that help RNA polymerase attach to DNA
3. Make chemicals that then genes “on” or “off”

Question 7

How do prokaryotes control which genes are “o” or “off”

Answer 7

Operon- DNA w on or off switch

Question 8

Zygote

Answer 8

Fertilized egg

Question 9

Cell differentiation

Answer 9

Single cell turns into many different cell

Question 10

Homoetic genes

Answer 10

“Master” genes that make proteins that turn other genes on/ off

Question 11

Homeobox

Answer 11

Identical DNA sequence found in homeotic genes of organisms

Determine body okay placement of organs

Question 12

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 12

Contains ribosomes to make proteins
Proteins made are covered with a membrane which forms vesicle
Chemical address labels send to Golgi apparatus

Question 13

What does Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 13

Makes final chemical changes to protein

Adds more address leaves to send protein where it is needed

Question 14

Mutation

Answer 14

Heritable changes in genetic information

Caused by damage or incorrect copying

Question 15

Categories of mutation

Answer 15

Gene/ point mutation

Chromosomal

Question 16

Gene or point mutation

Answer 16

Affects single gene
Change in one or few of nucleotides
Caused by chemicals x rays or uv rays

Question 17

Chromosomal mutation

Answer 17

Affects whole chromosome

Change in number or structure of chromosome

Question 18

Substitution

Answer 18

One base changed

Sometimes not a problem

Question 19

Insertion or deletion

Answer 19

Addition or losses of one or more bases

Usually disastrous

Question 20

Frameshift mutation

Answer 20

Insertion or deletion not a multiple of three

Changes all codons, changes amino acids

Question 21

Types of chromosomal mutations

Answer 21

Deletions, duplication, translocation, inversion, nondisjunction

Question 22

Deletion

Answer 22

Chromosomal segment deleted or lost

Question 23

Duplication

Answer 23

Chromosome segment duplicated

Question 24

Translocation

Answer 24

Segment moved from one chromosome to another

Question 25

Inversion

Answer 25

Segment moves itself within a chromosome

Question 26

Nondisjunction

Answer 26

Homologous chromosomes failed to separate causes extra chromosome or missing chromosome in gametes

Question 27

Amniocentesis

Answer 27

Analyze fetal chromosome in amniotic fluid

Question 28

Chorionic villi sampling

Answer 28

Analyze fetal chromosomes of placenta

Question 29

Genetic counseling

Answer 29

Medical guidance about genic issues that might occur in offspringB

Question 30

Gene therapy

Answer 30

Use a virus to insert healthy genes into individual that has defective gene 1. Find and isolate the normal gene 2. Insert the normal gene into a virus 3. Infect the patient with the virus Problems doesn't always go to correct cell

Question 31

Why transfer genes to crops?

Answer 31

Make them harmful for pests and insects Make them resistant to herbicides Increase their nutritional value

Question 32

Basic steps of DNA fingerprinting

Answer 32

Make thousands of copies of DNA Cut DNA with restriction enzymes Sort DNA by size using gel electrophoresis Compare DNA fingerprints

Question 33

Cloning

Answer 33

1. remove egg from adult blackface sheep and take out the nucleus 2. Put nucleus from Whiteface egg into the enucleated black faced egg 3. Implant egg into blackface sheep for pregnancy 4. Cloned Whiteface sheep is born