Human Genome and Genetic Engineering Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
0
Q

Gene expression

A

When a gene is turned “on” it makes mRNA, which makes a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA that is contained is an organisms nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Operon

A

DNA with an “on/off” switch

Ensures energy not wasted making things the cell doesn’t need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two kinds of operon

A

Repressive operon

Inducible operon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Repressible operon

A

Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inducible operon

A

Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do eukaryotes control which gene is turned on/off?

A
  1. Tighten up DNA so no proteins made or loosen DNA so proteins made
  2. Make proteins that help RNA polymerase attach to DNA
  3. Make chemicals that then genes “on” or “off”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do prokaryotes control which genes are “o” or “off”

A

Operon- DNA w on or off switch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Single cell turns into many different cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homoetic genes

A

“Master” genes that make proteins that turn other genes on/ off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Homeobox

A

Identical DNA sequence found in homeotic genes of organisms

Determine body okay placement of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Contains ribosomes to make proteins
Proteins made are covered with a membrane which forms vesicle
Chemical address labels send to Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does Golgi apparatus do?

A

Makes final chemical changes to protein

Adds more address leaves to send protein where it is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mutation

A

Heritable changes in genetic information

Caused by damage or incorrect copying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Categories of mutation

A

Gene/ point mutation

Chromosomal

16
Q

Gene or point mutation

A

Affects single gene
Change in one or few of nucleotides
Caused by chemicals x rays or uv rays

17
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Affects whole chromosome

Change in number or structure of chromosome

18
Q

Substitution

A

One base changed

Sometimes not a problem

19
Q

Insertion or deletion

A

Addition or losses of one or more bases

Usually disastrous

20
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertion or deletion not a multiple of three

Changes all codons, changes amino acids

21
Q

Types of chromosomal mutations

A

Deletions, duplication, translocation, inversion, nondisjunction

22
Q

Deletion

A

Chromosomal segment deleted or lost

23
Q

Duplication

A

Chromosome segment duplicated

24
Q

Translocation

A

Segment moved from one chromosome to another

25
Q

Inversion

A

Segment moves itself within a chromosome

26
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Homologous chromosomes failed to separate causes extra chromosome or missing chromosome in gametes

27
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Analyze fetal chromosome in amniotic fluid

28
Q

Chorionic villi sampling

A

Analyze fetal chromosomes of placenta

29
Q

Genetic counseling

A

Medical guidance about genic issues that might occur in offspringB

30
Q

Gene therapy

A

Use a virus to insert healthy genes into individual that has defective gene
1. Find and isolate the normal gene
2. Insert the normal gene into a virus
3. Infect the patient with the virus
Problems doesn’t always go to correct cell

31
Q

Why transfer genes to crops?

A

Make them harmful for pests and insects
Make them resistant to herbicides
Increase their nutritional value

32
Q

Basic steps of DNA fingerprinting

A

Make thousands of copies of DNA
Cut DNA with restriction enzymes
Sort DNA by size using gel electrophoresis
Compare DNA fingerprints

33
Q

Cloning

A
  1. remove egg from adult blackface sheep and take out the nucleus
  2. Put nucleus from Whiteface egg into the enucleated black faced egg
  3. Implant egg into blackface sheep for pregnancy
  4. Cloned Whiteface sheep is born