Human Genome and Genetic Engineering Flashcards
Gene expression
When a gene is turned “on” it makes mRNA, which makes a protein
Genome
All the DNA that is contained is an organisms nucleus
Operon
DNA with an “on/off” switch
Ensures energy not wasted making things the cell doesn’t need
Two kinds of operon
Repressive operon
Inducible operon
Repressible operon
Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”
Inducible operon
Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”
How do eukaryotes control which gene is turned on/off?
- Tighten up DNA so no proteins made or loosen DNA so proteins made
- Make proteins that help RNA polymerase attach to DNA
- Make chemicals that then genes “on” or “off”
How do prokaryotes control which genes are “o” or “off”
Operon- DNA w on or off switch
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Cell differentiation
Single cell turns into many different cell
Homoetic genes
“Master” genes that make proteins that turn other genes on/ off
Homeobox
Identical DNA sequence found in homeotic genes of organisms
Determine body okay placement of organs
What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
Contains ribosomes to make proteins
Proteins made are covered with a membrane which forms vesicle
Chemical address labels send to Golgi apparatus
What does Golgi apparatus do?
Makes final chemical changes to protein
Adds more address leaves to send protein where it is needed
Mutation
Heritable changes in genetic information
Caused by damage or incorrect copying
Categories of mutation
Gene/ point mutation
Chromosomal
Gene or point mutation
Affects single gene
Change in one or few of nucleotides
Caused by chemicals x rays or uv rays
Chromosomal mutation
Affects whole chromosome
Change in number or structure of chromosome
Substitution
One base changed
Sometimes not a problem
Insertion or deletion
Addition or losses of one or more bases
Usually disastrous
Frameshift mutation
Insertion or deletion not a multiple of three
Changes all codons, changes amino acids
Types of chromosomal mutations
Deletions, duplication, translocation, inversion, nondisjunction
Deletion
Chromosomal segment deleted or lost
Duplication
Chromosome segment duplicated
Translocation
Segment moved from one chromosome to another
Inversion
Segment moves itself within a chromosome
Nondisjunction
Homologous chromosomes failed to separate causes extra chromosome or missing chromosome in gametes
Amniocentesis
Analyze fetal chromosome in amniotic fluid
Chorionic villi sampling
Analyze fetal chromosomes of placenta
Genetic counseling
Medical guidance about genic issues that might occur in offspringB
Gene therapy
Use a virus to insert healthy genes into individual that has defective gene
1. Find and isolate the normal gene
2. Insert the normal gene into a virus
3. Infect the patient with the virus
Problems doesn’t always go to correct cell
Why transfer genes to crops?
Make them harmful for pests and insects
Make them resistant to herbicides
Increase their nutritional value
Basic steps of DNA fingerprinting
Make thousands of copies of DNA
Cut DNA with restriction enzymes
Sort DNA by size using gel electrophoresis
Compare DNA fingerprints
Cloning
- remove egg from adult blackface sheep and take out the nucleus
- Put nucleus from Whiteface egg into the enucleated black faced egg
- Implant egg into blackface sheep for pregnancy
- Cloned Whiteface sheep is born
