Human Genome and Genetic Engineering Flashcards

0
Q

Gene expression

A

When a gene is turned “on” it makes mRNA, which makes a protein

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1
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA that is contained is an organisms nucleus

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2
Q

Operon

A

DNA with an “on/off” switch

Ensures energy not wasted making things the cell doesn’t need

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3
Q

Two kinds of operon

A

Repressive operon

Inducible operon

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4
Q

Repressible operon

A

Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”

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5
Q

Inducible operon

A

Gene stays “on” unless it is turned “off”

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6
Q

How do eukaryotes control which gene is turned on/off?

A
  1. Tighten up DNA so no proteins made or loosen DNA so proteins made
  2. Make proteins that help RNA polymerase attach to DNA
  3. Make chemicals that then genes “on” or “off”
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7
Q

How do prokaryotes control which genes are “o” or “off”

A

Operon- DNA w on or off switch

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8
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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9
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Single cell turns into many different cell

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10
Q

Homoetic genes

A

“Master” genes that make proteins that turn other genes on/ off

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11
Q

Homeobox

A

Identical DNA sequence found in homeotic genes of organisms

Determine body okay placement of organs

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12
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Contains ribosomes to make proteins
Proteins made are covered with a membrane which forms vesicle
Chemical address labels send to Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

What does Golgi apparatus do?

A

Makes final chemical changes to protein

Adds more address leaves to send protein where it is needed

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14
Q

Mutation

A

Heritable changes in genetic information

Caused by damage or incorrect copying

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15
Q

Categories of mutation

A

Gene/ point mutation

Chromosomal

16
Q

Gene or point mutation

A

Affects single gene
Change in one or few of nucleotides
Caused by chemicals x rays or uv rays

17
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Affects whole chromosome

Change in number or structure of chromosome

18
Q

Substitution

A

One base changed

Sometimes not a problem

19
Q

Insertion or deletion

A

Addition or losses of one or more bases

Usually disastrous

20
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertion or deletion not a multiple of three

Changes all codons, changes amino acids

21
Q

Types of chromosomal mutations

A

Deletions, duplication, translocation, inversion, nondisjunction

22
Q

Deletion

A

Chromosomal segment deleted or lost

23
Q

Duplication

A

Chromosome segment duplicated

24
Translocation
Segment moved from one chromosome to another
25
Inversion
Segment moves itself within a chromosome
26
Nondisjunction
Homologous chromosomes failed to separate causes extra chromosome or missing chromosome in gametes
27
Amniocentesis
Analyze fetal chromosome in amniotic fluid
28
Chorionic villi sampling
Analyze fetal chromosomes of placenta
29
Genetic counseling
Medical guidance about genic issues that might occur in offspringB
30
Gene therapy
Use a virus to insert healthy genes into individual that has defective gene 1. Find and isolate the normal gene 2. Insert the normal gene into a virus 3. Infect the patient with the virus Problems doesn't always go to correct cell
31
Why transfer genes to crops?
Make them harmful for pests and insects Make them resistant to herbicides Increase their nutritional value
32
Basic steps of DNA fingerprinting
Make thousands of copies of DNA Cut DNA with restriction enzymes Sort DNA by size using gel electrophoresis Compare DNA fingerprints
33
Cloning
1. remove egg from adult blackface sheep and take out the nucleus 2. Put nucleus from Whiteface egg into the enucleated black faced egg 3. Implant egg into blackface sheep for pregnancy 4. Cloned Whiteface sheep is born