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Biology Honors > biology: principles of evolution > Flashcards

biology: principles of evolution Flashcards

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0
Q

what did darwin discover

A

finches where each species was descendent from ancestral finch
different finch species have differently shaped beaks that are best adapted for different foods

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1
Q

who was darwin?

A

ships naturalist on HMS beagle

travelled to galapogos islandsand South America to study animals

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2
Q

darwins famous theory

A

descent with modification

due to natural selection

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3
Q

four parts to Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A

overproduction
genetic variation
struggle to survive
differential reproduction

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4
Q

overproduction

A

populations ,multiply

then exceed resources

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5
Q

genetic variation

A

individuals vary in population

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6
Q

struggle to survive

A

resources are limited; best adapted individuals compete and survive

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7
Q

differential reproduction

A

fittest individual survive

gets to pass best adaptations onto offspring

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8
Q

fitness

A

measure of individuals hereditary contribution to next generation

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9
Q

hat is the evidence for evolution

A 
fossil record
biogeography
anatomy and embryology 
biological molecules
direct observation of evolutionary change
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10
Q

fossil record

A

veal existence of extinct species

oldest fossils are fish to amphibians to reptiles to mammals and birds

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11
Q

principle of superposition

A

fossils in deeper soil= older/primitive

fossils close to surface: younger/ advanced

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12
Q

relative age

A

:age compared to other fossils

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13
Q

absolute age

A

age estimated from radioactive dating

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14
Q

Biogeography

A

Species distribution makes no sense unless they arose from common ancestor

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15
Q

Homologous structures

A

Similar characteristics resulting from common anscestry

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16
Q

Analogous structure

A

Similar characteristics due to summon envirnment

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17
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Remnants of structures important to anscestors but not current organisms

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18
Q

Embryonic homologies

A

Similar stages of development among related species

19
Q

Biological molecules

A

All living things share same genetic code( DNA &RNA)

20
Q

Direct observation of evolutionary change

A

Drug resistant viruses and antibiotic resistant bacteria

21
Q

Population genetics

A

Study of evolution from a genetic standpoint by assessing the gene pool
Utilizes study of micro evolution

22
Q

Gene pool

A

Total genetic information available in population

23
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species that routinely interbreed

24
Q

Fitness

A

Ability of an organism to produce fertile offspring

25
Q

Micro evolution

A

Generation to generation change in populations gene frequency

26
Q

Gene

A

Piece of DNA coding for phenotype

27
Q

Phenotype frequency

A

Percentage of individuals with particular phenotype in population

28
Q

Gene frequency

A

Percent of gene copies in a population for a given trait

Change in gene frequency can indicate evolution is occurring

29
Q

Macro evolution

A

Changes In Species over geologic time

30
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random process that affects genetic make up of a population

31
Q

Natural selection

A

A process that allows organisms with a genotype better fit for the environment tend to survive and reproduce more

32
Q

How is genetic variation produced?

A

Mutation

Sexual reproduction

33
Q

Hardy-weinburg conditions for non-evolving population (genetic equilibrium)

A 
No mutation
No migration
Very large population size
Rwandan mating
No naturals selection
34
Q

Under what conditions will population evolve?

A

Mutation
Migration/gene flow
Genetic drift in small population

35
Q

Mutations

A

Introduce new genes that may provide a selective advantage

36
Q

Migration/ gene flow

A

Genes move from one population to another
Mix during sexual reproduction
Immigration/emigration

37
Q

Genetic drift in a small population

A

Random increase or decrease of genes is strong in small population

38
Q

Founder effect

A

Gene frequencies in small migrating group not same as original population

39
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Population undergoes dramatic decrease in size

Smaller population unlikely to represent makeup of original population

40
Q

Non-random mating/ sexual selection

A

Leads to differences in appearance of males and females
Females
Big energy investment in offspring: increase fitness by choosing superior mate
Males
Little energy investment in offspring: increase fitness by increasing quantity of offspring

41
Q

Natural selection

A

Acts upon phenotypes

42
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors most common trait because best adapted (in the middle)

43
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors both extremes of phenotypic range (both ends none in middle)

44
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors traits that are on one extreme of phenotypic range (shift to one side)

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