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Biology Honors > biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

purpose of Griffith’s Experiments with Streptococcus pnuemoniae (bacteria)

A

find a cure for pnuemonia

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2
Q

S strain

A

Bad, causes pnuemonia

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3
Q

R strain

A

not bad, does not cause pnuemonia

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4
Q

inject mouse with S strain

A

mouse lives

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5
Q

inject mouse with R strain

A

mouse dies

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6
Q

inject mouse with killed S strain

A

mouse lives

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7
Q

inject mouse with R strain+ killed S strain

A

mouse dies

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8
Q

conclusion of Griffith’s Experiments with Streptococcus pnuemoniae (bacteria)

A

killed S strain transformed live R strain into live S strain

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9
Q

purpose of Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia

A

What causes transformation? Protein or DNA or RNA?

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10
Q

injected mice with: R strain + killed S strain with no protein

A

dead mouse

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11
Q

injected mice with: R strain + killed S Strain with no RNA

A

dead mouse

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12
Q

injected mice with: R strain + killed S Strain with no DNA

A

live mouse

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13
Q

conclusion: Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia

A

DNA is responsible for transformation

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14
Q

purpose: Hershey-Chase Experiments

A

Is DNA or protein hereditary material in viruses?

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15
Q

bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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16
Q

result:Bacteriophage with radioactive protein+ bacteria

A

bacteria not radioactive

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17
Q

Purpose of Watson and Crick experiment

A

What does DNA molecule look like?

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18
Q

result of watson and crick experiment

A

Used models to figure out that DNA made of two chains in a double helix
Franklin X-ray diffraction photographs critical to “helix” idea

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19
Q

where is DNA located in a Eukaryote cell?

A

nucleus

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20
Q

Where is DNA located in a prokaryote cell?

A

not in nucleus

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21
Q

what makes up DNA?

A

nucleotides

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22
Q

what makes up nucleotides?

A

five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) + phosphate + nitrogenous base
sugar and phosphate identical
different nitrogenous bases

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23
Q

what are the purine nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine

double ring of carbon

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24
Q

what are the pyrimidines of DNA

A

Thymine and Cytosine

single ring of Carbon

25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T

A

2

26
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between C and G

A

3

27
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

double-stranded helix; antiparallel; joined by hydrogen bonds
polymer of nucleotides

28
Q

how are nucleotides joined together?

A

dehydration reaction

29
Q

when does DNA replication take place?

A

S phase

30
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

one original copy of DNA strand and one new strand of DNA form new double helix strand

31
Q

how is DNA replicated?

A
  1. the enzyme helicase unwinds and separates strands
  2. replication fork forms- Y shaped region where new DNA strands elongate
  3. The enzyme polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand
  4. DNA Polymerase finishes replication and falls off DNA strand
32
Q

leading strand

A

synthesis of one strand that moves towards replication fork

polymerase moves from 5’ to 3’

33
Q

lagging strand

A

synthesis of other strand moves away from replication fork
DNA replicated as short Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase (enzyme) will connect Okazaki fragments together
polymerase moves from 5’ to 3’

34
Q

telomeres

A

tips of chromosomes get shorter and shorter every cell division
eventually cause cell death
repetitive base pairs on ends lost at each replication
do not code for anything so no problem if lost
eventually totally removed, cause cell death

35
Q

how do prokaryotes replicate DNA?

A

single circular DNA

replication begins in one place

36
Q

How do Eukaryotes replicate DNA?

A

numerous strands of DNA

replication begins in hundreds of places

37
Q

mutation

A

change in nucleotide sequence due to error in DNA dupliaction

38
Q

what happens to mutations?

A

usually caught and corrected by “proofreading” polymerase

if not corrected can cause cancer or malfunction or beneficial, which leads to evolution

39
Q

why is DNA important?

A

DNA stores and transmits genetic information of organisms

DNA transcribed as RNA which is translated into proteins

40
Q

What is RNA?

A

ribonucleic acid single stranded molecule, contains ribose sugar
uracil instead of thymine A-U G-C
three main types- mRNA tRNA rRNA
made in nucleus

41
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

combines with proteins to form ribosome

42
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA
DNA instructions for making protein located here
DNA to mRNA to protein
mRNA binds with ribosome to create polypeptide (protein)

43
Q

codon

A

sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

44
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

carries amino acids to ribosome to make protein

45
Q

Anticodon

A

sequence of three nucleotides complementary to mRNA’s codon

46
Q

how do they use DNA to make a protein

A
  1. Transcription
    make a copy of DNA using mRNA
  2. Translation
    make polypeptide using mRNA tRNA and rRNA
47
Q

Transcription in the nucleus

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
48
Q

initiation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region

once polymerase binds DNA unwinds

49
Q

Elongation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA

new nucleotides are RNA nucleotides (A,U,G,C)

50
Q

termination (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase reaches termination sequence
before RNA leaves the nucleus: add cap and poly-A tail for protection and stability
mRNA contains introns and exons
introns are removed and exons spliced together

51
Q

promoter region

A

nucleotide sequence on DNA that attracts RNA polymerase

52
Q

termination sequence

A

Nucleotide sequence on DNA that repels RNA polymerase; releases RNA polymerase and mRNA

53
Q

exon

A

sequences that express polypeptide code

54
Q

introns

A

non-coding sequence

55
Q

what does translation do?

A

makes polypeptide- string of amino acids

56
Q

initiation (translation)

A

small ribosome unit attaches to mRNA
tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA at start codon (AUG)
Large ribosome unit attaches to small ribosome unit

57
Q

elongation (translation)

A

ribosome moves along mRNA; exposes next codon
new tRNA anticodon pairs with next mRNA codon
new amino acids attach to chain via peptide bonds
old tRNA detaches
process is repeated

58
Q

termination (translation)

A

ribosome reads STOP codon
polypeptide and ribosomal subunits detach from mRNA
ribosomal subunits can now attach to same or another mRNA and repeat

59
Q

What is the human genome

A

complete gene sequence of human DNA

may help diagnose treat and prevent genetic disorders cancer and infectious diseases

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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