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Biology Honors > biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

biology: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of Griffith’s Experiments with Streptococcus pnuemoniae (bacteria)

A

find a cure for pnuemonia

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2
Q

S strain

A

Bad, causes pnuemonia

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3
Q

R strain

A

not bad, does not cause pnuemonia

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4
Q

inject mouse with S strain

A

mouse lives

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5
Q

inject mouse with R strain

A

mouse dies

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6
Q

inject mouse with killed S strain

A

mouse lives

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7
Q

inject mouse with R strain+ killed S strain

A

mouse dies

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8
Q

conclusion of Griffith’s Experiments with Streptococcus pnuemoniae (bacteria)

A

killed S strain transformed live R strain into live S strain

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9
Q

purpose of Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia

A

What causes transformation? Protein or DNA or RNA?

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10
Q

injected mice with: R strain + killed S strain with no protein

A

dead mouse

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11
Q

injected mice with: R strain + killed S Strain with no RNA

A

dead mouse

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12
Q

injected mice with: R strain + killed S Strain with no DNA

A

live mouse

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13
Q

conclusion: Avery-MacLeod-McCarty Experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia

A

DNA is responsible for transformation

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14
Q

purpose: Hershey-Chase Experiments

A

Is DNA or protein hereditary material in viruses?

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15
Q

bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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16
Q

result:Bacteriophage with radioactive protein+ bacteria

A

bacteria not radioactive

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17
Q

Purpose of Watson and Crick experiment

A

What does DNA molecule look like?

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18
Q

result of watson and crick experiment

A

Used models to figure out that DNA made of two chains in a double helix
Franklin X-ray diffraction photographs critical to “helix” idea

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19
Q

where is DNA located in a Eukaryote cell?

A

nucleus

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20
Q

Where is DNA located in a prokaryote cell?

A

not in nucleus

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21
Q

what makes up DNA?

A

nucleotides

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22
Q

what makes up nucleotides?

A

five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) + phosphate + nitrogenous base
sugar and phosphate identical
different nitrogenous bases

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23
Q

what are the purine nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine

double ring of carbon

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24
Q

what are the pyrimidines of DNA

A

Thymine and Cytosine

single ring of Carbon

25
How many hydrogen bonds between A and T
2
26
How many hydrogen bonds between C and G
3
27
What is the structure of DNA?
double-stranded helix; antiparallel; joined by hydrogen bonds polymer of nucleotides
28
how are nucleotides joined together?
dehydration reaction
29
when does DNA replication take place?
S phase
30
semi-conservative replication
one original copy of DNA strand and one new strand of DNA form new double helix strand
31
how is DNA replicated?
1. the enzyme helicase unwinds and separates strands 2. replication fork forms- Y shaped region where new DNA strands elongate 3. The enzyme polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand 4. DNA Polymerase finishes replication and falls off DNA strand
32
leading strand
synthesis of one strand that moves towards replication fork | polymerase moves from 5' to 3'
33
lagging strand
synthesis of other strand moves away from replication fork DNA replicated as short Okazaki fragments DNA ligase (enzyme) will connect Okazaki fragments together polymerase moves from 5' to 3'
34
telomeres
tips of chromosomes get shorter and shorter every cell division eventually cause cell death repetitive base pairs on ends lost at each replication do not code for anything so no problem if lost eventually totally removed, cause cell death
35
how do prokaryotes replicate DNA?
single circular DNA | replication begins in one place
36
How do Eukaryotes replicate DNA?
numerous strands of DNA | replication begins in hundreds of places
37
mutation
change in nucleotide sequence due to error in DNA dupliaction
38
what happens to mutations?
usually caught and corrected by "proofreading" polymerase | if not corrected can cause cancer or malfunction or beneficial, which leads to evolution
39
why is DNA important?
DNA stores and transmits genetic information of organisms | DNA transcribed as RNA which is translated into proteins
40
What is RNA?
ribonucleic acid single stranded molecule, contains ribose sugar uracil instead of thymine A-U G-C three main types- mRNA tRNA rRNA made in nucleus
41
rRNA
ribosomal RNA | combines with proteins to form ribosome
42
mRNA
messenger RNA DNA instructions for making protein located here DNA to mRNA to protein mRNA binds with ribosome to create polypeptide (protein)
43
codon
sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
44
tRNA
transfer RNA | carries amino acids to ribosome to make protein
45
Anticodon
sequence of three nucleotides complementary to mRNA's codon
46
how do they use DNA to make a protein
1. Transcription make a copy of DNA using mRNA 2. Translation make polypeptide using mRNA tRNA and rRNA
47
Transcription in the nucleus
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
48
initiation (transcription)
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region | once polymerase binds DNA unwinds
49
Elongation (transcription)
RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA | new nucleotides are RNA nucleotides (A,U,G,C)
50
termination (transcription)
RNA polymerase reaches termination sequence before RNA leaves the nucleus: add cap and poly-A tail for protection and stability mRNA contains introns and exons introns are removed and exons spliced together
51
promoter region
nucleotide sequence on DNA that attracts RNA polymerase
52
termination sequence
Nucleotide sequence on DNA that repels RNA polymerase; releases RNA polymerase and mRNA
53
exon
sequences that express polypeptide code
54
introns
non-coding sequence
55
what does translation do?
makes polypeptide- string of amino acids
56
initiation (translation)
small ribosome unit attaches to mRNA tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA at start codon (AUG) Large ribosome unit attaches to small ribosome unit
57
elongation (translation)
ribosome moves along mRNA; exposes next codon new tRNA anticodon pairs with next mRNA codon new amino acids attach to chain via peptide bonds old tRNA detaches process is repeated
58
termination (translation)
ribosome reads STOP codon polypeptide and ribosomal subunits detach from mRNA ribosomal subunits can now attach to same or another mRNA and repeat
59
What is the human genome
complete gene sequence of human DNA | may help diagnose treat and prevent genetic disorders cancer and infectious diseases

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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