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Biology Honors > Biology: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Biology: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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2
Q

nucleus

A

contains protons and neutrons

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3
Q

orbitals also called shells

A

surround nucleus and contain electrons

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4
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons; each element always has the same number

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5
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons added with the number of neutrons

usually number of neutrons equals number of protons but can vary

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6
Q

isotopes

A

same element with different number of neutrons so baby different atomic mass

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7
Q

matter

A

anything that occupy space and has mass; composed of atoms

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8
Q

solid

A

atoms closely linked

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9
Q

liquid

A

atoms move more freely

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10
Q

gas

A

atoms move rapidly

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11
Q

mass

A

quantity of matter in object happens

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12
Q

elements

A

composed of only one type of atom

pure substance that can’t be changed into simpler substance

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13
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of an element maintaining chemical properties

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14
Q

molecule

A

assembly of two or more atoms

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15
Q

compound

A

assembly of two or more different atoms

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16
Q

electronegativity

A

ability of the atom to attract electrons- increases as go to the right of the periodic table

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17
Q

how are atoms held together

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der waal force

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18
Q

Ionic bonds

A

involves gain and loss of electric

occurs with big difference in electronegativity

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19
Q

cation

A

if electron is lost in Ionic bonds

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20
Q

anion

A

if electron is gained

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21
Q

covalent bonds

A

involves sharing of electrons

occurs when small differences in electronegativity of atoms

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22
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons

leads to a partially positive atom and partially negative

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23
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

equals sharing of electrons

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24
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

partially positive hydrogen atom attracted to parsing negative Adam and different molecules
easy to make and break

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25
Q

Van der Waal Forces

A

slight attraction that happens between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

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26
Q

why does the electronic and the water stay closer to oxygen

A

oxygen is more electronegative

so oxygen and is slightly negative and hydrogen and is slightly positive

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27
Q

five special properties of water

A 
powerful solvent
cohesion
adhesion
resists change in temperature
ice floats
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28
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving dissolve in water because they’re polar

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29
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing because there non-polar

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30
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between like substances

creates high surface tension

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31
Q

adhesion

A

attraction of unlike substances

capillary action-adhesion pulls water up a narrow tube against gravity

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32
Q

water resists changes in temperature

A

has a high heat capacity

absorbs and releases large amounts of heat with only a slight temperature change

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33
Q

ice floats

A

water expands and becomes less dense as it freezes

hydrogen bonds form crystals expanding the water and decreasing its density

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34
Q

mixture

A

when substances are evenly spread out

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35
Q

solute

A

dissolves in solvent

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36
Q

solvent

A

what the solvent is dissolved into

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37
Q

concentration

A

amount of solute dissolved in solution

38
Q

saturated solution

A

no more solid can be dissolved

39
Q

aqueous solution

A

water is the solvent

40
Q

pH

A

measures amount of H+ in an obvious solution
H2O= H+ and OH-
scale from 0-14

41
Q

acids

A

donates H+ to
high H+ concentration
pH of 0-6

42
Q

base

A

accepts H+ from solutions
pH of 8-14
more OH- than H+ in solution

43
Q

neutral

A

neither add or remove H+ from solution

pH= 7

44
Q

why is pH so important organisms

A

changing pH can change the shape of molecules making them useless

45
Q

buffers

A

maintain constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them

46
Q

reactants

A

starting material

47
Q

product

A

ending material

48
Q

why the chemical reactions occur in cells

A

matter tends to go towards unorganized state (entropy)

living things need energy to maintain the chemical and physical order

49
Q

redox reactions

A

allow energy to pass from molecule to molecule
lose electrons= oxidized
gain electrons= reduced

50
Q

Activation energy

A

energy needed to start a reaction

51
Q

catalyst

A

substance that reduces the amount of activation energy needed

52
Q

what is an organic molecule

A

must contain carbon
all living things made of chains of carbon atoms
carpet is unique because the bonds of many elements at once

53
Q

monomer

A

small simple molecules

54
Q

polymers

A

monomer linked together many times

55
Q

macromolecule

A

molecules with hundreds or thousands of monomers

56
Q

dehydration reactions

A

joining a monomer to a polymer by removing the water molecule

57
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking down a polymer by adding a water molecule

58
Q

hydroxyl

A

OH
alcohol, sugars
polar, hydrophilic

59
Q

carboxyl

A

COOH
amino acids, fatty acids, sugars
polar, hydrophilic, weak acid

60
Q

amino

A

NH2
amino acids
polar, hydrophilic, weak base

61
Q

phosphate

A

PO3
DNA, ATP, phospholipids
polar, hydrophilic, acid

62
Q

Carbony

A

C=O
acetone, sugar
polar, hydrophilic

63
Q

methyl

A

CH3
fatty acids, oils, waxes
nonpolar, hydrophobic

64
Q

what molecules of life do cells build

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

65
Q

how do you make sugars?

A

1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

sugars always and in “ose”

66
Q

monosaccharides or simple sugars

A

C6H 12 O6

positions of atoms determine chemistry

67
Q

isomer

A

same molecular formula but different structures and properties

68
Q

disacchride

A

two monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction

69
Q

polysaccharides

A

do you hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined together

70
Q

where are sugars made in animals

A

not made ingested and stored as fat

71
Q

where are sugars made in plant cells

A

chloroplasts makes sugar

72
Q

how do you make a protein

A

start with an amino acid
linked amino acids to be, proteins covalently bonded by peptide bonds a dehydration reaction
two amino acids is it a dipeptide
three a more amino acids is a polypeptide

73
Q

what is an amino acid made out of

A

Ameena, carboxyl, hydrogen, carbon and 20 different amino acids due to different side chains

74
Q

how do you make a protein continued- structures

A

primary structure- unique sequence of amino acids
secondary structure- coils are folding proteins
tertiary structure- overall three-dimensional shape
quaternary structure- combination of two or more proteins

75
Q

what happens to proteins if the temperature or pH changes

A

it becomes denatured and does not work

76
Q

what to proteins do

A 
make structures
storage for growing offspring
fighting disease
enzymes- biological catalysts
transport
77
Q

enzyme

A

protein that controls the rate of chemical reactions
and in “ase”
only fits specific reactants
just like a catalyst

78
Q

where are proteinss made

A

in animal and plant cells assembled in ribosomes

79
Q

what structures to lipids make

A

oils, fats, the waxes

mainly nonpolar groups

80
Q

fatty acids

A

not a polymer
energy storage insulation and protection
one and a long carbon chain-hydrophobic
other end carboxyl group-hydrophilic

81
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds

82
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

at least one double bond

83
Q

cholesterol

A

not a polymer
at least for linked carbon rings
make steroids and part of cell memberane

84
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophobic fatty acid tale with phosphate hydrophilic head

cell membrane is two layers of phospholipids lined up tail to tail

85
Q

where lipids made

A

in smooth endoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

what does an nucleic acid do?

A

storage and transport of important information about a cell

87
Q

how do you make nucleic acid?

A

start with nucleotides

link nucleotides with covalent bondsthrough dehydration reaction to create nucleic acid polymer of nucleotides

88
Q

what are nucleotides made of

A

phosphate sugar and nitrogenous base

89
Q

two types of nucleic acid

A

deoxyribonucleic acid determined characteristics and direct cell activities
ribonucleic acid stores and transfers information from DNA to make proteins

90
Q

where are nucleic acids made

A

in animal and plant cellsin the nucleus

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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