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Biology Honors > human biology > Flashcards

human biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

collects internal and external information

processes and responds to information

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2
Q

what is th nervous system composed of?

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

processes information and forms a response

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves
collects information using sense organs
responds to info using effectors muscles/glands)

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5
Q

nueron

A

receives and transmits information

made of: cell body, dendrite, axon, synapse

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6
Q

cell body

A

contains cell membrane, nucleus, other organelles

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7
Q

dendrite

A

short branches coming out of cell body

recieve signals from environment or other nuerons

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8
Q

axon

A

long tube extending from cell body

transmits nerve impulses

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9
Q

synapse

A

junction between synaptic terminals and a gland or muscle

neurotransmitter released from a neuron crosses to synapse and picked up by muscle or gland receptor

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10
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that affects another cell

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11
Q

how is an impulse sent

A

due to selectively permeable axon membrane it is more permeable to potassium than sodium

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12
Q

at a resting state

A

outside the axon is more positively charged more sodium ions
inside is more negatively charged lots of negatively charged proteins and potassium ions

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13
Q

how was an impulse started

A

when it a stimulus reaches threshold meeting the minimum a stimuli required to cause action potential

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14
Q

action potential #1

A

causes axon membrane to open the sodium gates
sodium attracted to the negative charges inside the non-flood into it
outside becomes more negatively charged and inside becomes more positively charged

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15
Q

action potential #2

A

then that potassium ion gates and acts on membrane open due to excess sodium ions
the potassium ions are repelled by the positive charges and flood outside of the neuron
outside becomes more positively charged and inside becomes more negatively charged again
this swapping of potassium and sodium travels down the neuron in one direction away from the cell body
at the synaptic terminal the neurotransmitter is released making a reaction

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16
Q

what factors affect the nervous system

A 
1.amount of myelination in axon
More is a fast reaction
2. permeability of sodium on axon
3.type of neurotransmitter
4. Prescription drugs
5. Illegal drugs
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17
Q

Acetylcholine

A

muscle contraction

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18
Q

serotonin

A

sleep, mood, tension and learning

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19
Q

dopamine

A

movement reward

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20
Q

endorphins

A

reduce pain increase positive mood

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21
Q

what does heroin and codeine do?

A

increase dopamine release can cause a feeling of well-being convulsions, or death

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22
Q

marijuana and hashish results

A

depressed higher brain centers

induce anxiety free state hallucinations distortions of time and space

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23
Q

cocaine affects

A

keep dopamine in synapses for a long time creates euphoric feeling constrict blood vessels may cause death

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24
Q

what are the nonspecific defenses against as he is

A

barrier/innate defense- skin and mucous membranes

cellular defense-one bacteria viruses etc. get to scan barrier inflammatory response

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25
Q

skin mucous membranes

A

provide physical barrier

mucus trapped microbes cilia sweeps into stomach or out of body

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26
Q

lysozyme

A

antimicrobial found in saliva and mucus and tears

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27
Q

inflammatory response

A

triggers release of histamine-causes blood vessels to dilate
fluid squeezes through dilate blood vessels-causes pain temperature increases following
Phagocytes squeeze through dilated blood vessels-in golf or kill pathogens by phagocytosis

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28
Q

lymphatic system

A

recognizes self versus other and attacks the other based on protein tags
made of bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels

29
Q

lymph vessels

A

network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells

30
Q

lymph

A

fluid that transports foreign particles to lymph nodes

31
Q

lymph nodes

A

enlarged bodies throughout lymphatic system clean and defend against infection

32
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that circulate in blood and lymph

b and T cells

33
Q

b cells

A

originate and mature in bone marrow

34
Q

T cells

A

originate in bone marrow mature and thymus gland

35
Q

plasma B cells

A

short-lived B cells

secrete antibodies that clump to antigens

36
Q

memory B cells

A

long-lived B cells circulate for future immunity

respond quickly when exposed to same antigen again

37
Q

how do T cells work

A

defend against viruses and bacteria without infecting body cells from thy protozoa and parasitic worms

38
Q

helper T cells

A

recognize infected cells, stimulate B cell production, and stimulate cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

recognize and destroy cells infected with pathogen, stimulate memory T cell production

40
Q

memory T cells

A

long-lived T cells for future immunity, respond quickly when exposed to same antigen again

41
Q

human supplements to natural body defense

A

antibiotics-kill bacteria
vaccines-use an active virus or bacteria to produce memory cells which quickly fired off the future infection
passive immunity-is transmitting antibodies from previously infected to newly infected person, mother to baby

42
Q

endocrine gland

A

secrete hormones directly into the blood

43
Q

exocrine gland

A

secrete substances onto a surface

44
Q

hormone

A

chemical secreted by cell that affects a target cell

45
Q

target cells

A

contains receptors receive secreted hormone

46
Q

what is the role of the endocrine system

A

to maintain homeostasis

47
Q

negative feedback system

A

1 gland shuts off if too much hormone in body

2 gland turns back on when not enough hormone in the body

48
Q

positive feedback system

A

1 gland produces hormones

2 hormone stimulates glands to make more hormone

49
Q

major hormones of the pituitary gland

A

located in brain

growth hormone, prolactin, anti-diuretic hormone, oxytocin

50
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates cells to increase in size and grow more rapidly

51
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates sustained milk production in women after birth

52
Q

anti-diuretic hormone

A

decreases urine production

53
Q

oxytocin

A

contracts uterin wall muscles and milk secretion muscles

54
Q

major hormones of the thyroid gland

A

located in neck region

thyroxin, calcitonin

55
Q

thyroxin

A

increases metabolism and growth

56
Q

calcitonin

A

takes calcium out of blood and stores in blood

57
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four glands embedded and thyroid glands

parathyroid hormone-releases calcium from bone and puts it back into blood

58
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of each kidney help deal with stress

produce: adrenaline, aldosterone, cortisol, adrenal androgens

59
Q

adrenaline

A

responsible for a flight or fight response

60
Q

aldosterone

A

controls electrolyte balance

61
Q

cortisol

A

controls metabolism

62
Q

adrenal adrogens

A

supplement sex hormones from gonads

63
Q

pancreas

A

located in your small intestine, regulates blood glucose and blood
glucagon- elevated blood glucose levels
insulin-decrease blood glucose levels

64
Q

pineal gland

A

located near basic brain and regulates circadian rhythms

65
Q

thymus gland

A

located about heart, helps with immunity

66
Q

ovaries

A

estrogen and progesterone that regulate menstrual and ovarian cycle

67
Q

testes

A

testosterone regulates sperm production

68
Q

placenta

A

regulates embryo/fetal development

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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