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Biology Honors > Biology: classification and taxonomy > Flashcards

Biology: classification and taxonomy Flashcards

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1
Q

how old is earth?

A

4.6 billion years

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2
Q

radiometric dating

A

uses radioactive decay to determine age

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3
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in element

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4
Q

isotope

A

Same element (same # protons), different # neutrons, so different Atomic Mass

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5
Q

radioactive decay

A

nuclei releases energy until stable

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6
Q

half life

A

time it takes for ½ unstable isotope to become stable

By comparing ratio of stable isotopes to unstable isotopes, can determine age

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7
Q

radiometric dating

A

determines half life

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8
Q

biogenesis

A

All living things come from other living things

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9
Q

Abiogenesis/spontaneous generation

A

Living things arise from non-living things

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10
Q

when did Small organic molecules synthesized

A

3.8 billion years

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11
Q

Oparin

A 
Haldane hypothesis about young earth:
•Probably H2, NH3, CH4, H2O
•NO FREE OXYGEN!
•Lots of energy from UVs & lightning
•Energy + chemicals + reducing organic soup of small molecules
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12
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment

A

H2O + H2 + CH4 + NH3 + spark (lightning) 5 some amino acids. + precursor to adenine

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13
Q

Joining of small molecules into polymers

A

Polymers formed include proteins & nucleic acids

Experiment: Drip solution of amino acids on hot clay, sand, or rock 5polymers

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14
Q

Packaging of molecules

A

Organic molecules become surrounded by membrane-like structure
Experiment: Combine organic molecules in flask and see what happens
• Lipids spontaneously form spheres called liposomes
• Form membrane around proteins and nucleic acids

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15
Q

RNA is first hereditary material

A

RNA evolved before DNA
Many hypothesis re: how RNA evolved
Experiments: Put nucleotides in test tube 5 short RNA polymers
More evidence: Ribozymes -
RNA that can copy itself, chop itself up and make more RNA

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16
Q

How did life evolve?

A
  1. Anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes form from Organic soup
  2. Due to a mutation, chemosynthetic autotrophic prokaryotes evolve
  3. Due to mutation, photosynthetic autotrophic prokaryote
  4. Oxygen and the ozone layer formotes evolve
  5. Eukaryotes and aerobic organisms form from endosymbiosis
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17
Q

How did life originate?

A
  1. Small organic molecules synthesized
  2. Joining of small molecules into polymers
  3. packaging of molecules
  4. RNA is first hereditary material
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18
Q

anaerobic

A

does not need oxygen to live

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19
Q

prokaryotes

A

do not have nucleus or organelles

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20
Q

heterotroph

A

Organism that eats other organisms for energy

21
Q

Chemosynthetic

A

Use energy from chemicals to make food (carbohydrates)

22
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes food from non-living things

23
Q

Photosynthetic

A

Use energy from sun to make food (carbohydrates)

24
Q

First toxic waste

A

O2 accumulation causes destruction of sensitive organic molecules, causing
starvation of many heterotrophs

25
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of organisms within a given ecosystem, biome, population

26
Q

Taxonomy:

A

Science of grouping organisms by their characteristic

27
Q

how do we organize biodiversity

A

Nutritional Mode
Structure and Function
Molecular similarities and common ancestors

28
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Making food using chemicals in the environment

29
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Making food using light energy

30
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead organisms

31
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must ingest it

32
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that make their own food by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis

33
Q

Linnaean System

A

Uses Binomial nomenclature to identify organisms
First word: genus - capitalized & italics
Second word: species - not capitalized & italics

34
Q

Genus groupings

A

Species that are closely related are grouped into the same genus

35
Q

Organisms are organized into eight groupings (taxa)

A

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

36
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryote, cell wall, plasma membrane, circular chromosome
• No organelles, no nucleus
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs

37
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Same as bacteria EXCEPT different molecules in cell wall and plasma membrane.
• Live in extreme environment

38
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

True nucleus, complex organelles

39
Q

Six Kingdoms

A

Eubacteria

  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Protists
  3. Plants
  4. Fungi
  5. Animals
40
Q

Archaebacteria are:

A 
Prokaryote
• Unicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Live in extreme environments
- high heat (thermophiles)
- high salt (halophiles)
41
Q

Eubacteria are:

A 
Prokaryote
• Unicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
• No organelles
- have cell membrane
- have DNA
42
Q

Protists are:

A

Eukaryotes
• Unicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Not animal, plant or fungi

43
Q

Fungi are:

A

Eukaryote
• Mostly multicellular
• Heterotrophs (absorb food

44
Q

Plants are:

A

Eukaryote
• Mostly multicellular
• Autotrophs

45
Q

Animals are:

A

Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs

46
Q

Cladistics

A

Grouping organisms by molecular similarities & common ancestors
•Work in progress…always be updated
• Groups species based on order in which they diverged from common ancestor
• Utilizes derived characteristics

47
Q

Derived characteristic

A

Feature that evolved only in group of interest

48
Q

Cladograms

A

Branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between species.
• Vary based on trait being examined

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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