Biology: classification and taxonomy

Question 1

how old is earth?

Answer 1

4.6 billion years

Question 2

radiometric dating

Answer 2

uses radioactive decay to determine age

Question 3

atomic number

Answer 3

number of protons in element

Question 4

isotope

Answer 4

Same element (same # protons), different # neutrons, so different Atomic Mass

Question 5

radioactive decay

Answer 5

nuclei releases energy until stable

Question 6

half life

Answer 6

time it takes for ½ unstable isotope to become stable

By comparing ratio of stable isotopes to unstable isotopes, can determine age

Question 7

radiometric dating

Answer 7

determines half life

Question 8

biogenesis

Answer 8

All living things come from other living things

Question 9

Abiogenesis/spontaneous generation

Answer 9

Living things arise from non-living things

Question 10

when did Small organic molecules synthesized

Answer 10

3.8 billion years

Question 11

Oparin

Answer 11

Haldane hypothesis about young earth:
•Probably H2, NH3, CH4, H2O
•NO FREE OXYGEN!
•Lots of energy from UVs & lightning
•Energy + chemicals + reducing organic soup of small molecules

Question 12

Miller-Urey Experiment

Answer 12

H2O + H2 + CH4 + NH3 + spark (lightning) 5 some amino acids. + precursor to adenine

Question 13

Joining of small molecules into polymers

Answer 13

Polymers formed include proteins & nucleic acids

Experiment: Drip solution of amino acids on hot clay, sand, or rock 5polymers

Question 14

Packaging of molecules

Answer 14

Organic molecules become surrounded by membrane-like structure
Experiment: Combine organic molecules in flask and see what happens
• Lipids spontaneously form spheres called liposomes
• Form membrane around proteins and nucleic acids

Question 15

RNA is first hereditary material

Answer 15

RNA evolved before DNA
Many hypothesis re: how RNA evolved
Experiments: Put nucleotides in test tube 5 short RNA polymers
More evidence: Ribozymes -
RNA that can copy itself, chop itself up and make more RNA

Question 16

How did life evolve?

Answer 16

1. Anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes form from Organic soup
2. Due to a mutation, chemosynthetic autotrophic prokaryotes evolve
3. Due to mutation, photosynthetic autotrophic prokaryote
4. Oxygen and the ozone layer formotes evolve
5. Eukaryotes and aerobic organisms form from endosymbiosis

Question 17

How did life originate?

Answer 17

1. Small organic molecules synthesized
2. Joining of small molecules into polymers
3. packaging of molecules
4. RNA is first hereditary material

Question 18

anaerobic

Answer 18

does not need oxygen to live

Question 19

prokaryotes

Answer 19

do not have nucleus or organelles

Question 20

heterotroph

Answer 20

Organism that eats other organisms for energy

Question 21

Chemosynthetic

Answer 21

Use energy from chemicals to make food (carbohydrates)

Question 22

Autotroph

Answer 22

Makes food from non-living things

Question 23

Photosynthetic

Answer 23

Use energy from sun to make food (carbohydrates)

Question 24

First toxic waste

Answer 24

O2 accumulation causes destruction of sensitive organic molecules, causing
starvation of many heterotrophs

Question 25

Biodiversity

Answer 25

Variety of organisms within a given ecosystem, biome, population

Question 26

Taxonomy:

Answer 26

Science of grouping organisms by their characteristic

Question 27

how do we organize biodiversity

Answer 27

Nutritional Mode Structure and Function Molecular similarities and common ancestors

Question 28

Chemosynthesis

Answer 28

Making food using chemicals in the environment

Question 29

Photosynthesis

Answer 29

Making food using light energy

Question 30

Decomposers

Answer 30

Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead organisms

Question 31

Heterotrophs

Answer 31

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must ingest it

Question 32

Autotrophs

Answer 32

Organisms that make their own food by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis

Question 33

Linnaean System

Answer 33

Uses Binomial nomenclature to identify organisms First word: genus - capitalized & italics Second word: species - not capitalized & italics

Question 34

Genus groupings

Answer 34

Species that are closely related are grouped into the same genus

Question 35

Organisms are organized into eight groupings (taxa)

Answer 35

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 36

Domain Bacteria

Answer 36

Prokaryote, cell wall, plasma membrane, circular chromosome • No organelles, no nucleus • Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Question 37

Domain Archaea

Answer 37

Same as bacteria EXCEPT different molecules in cell wall and plasma membrane. • Live in extreme environment

Question 38

Domain Eukarya

Answer 38

True nucleus, complex organelles

Question 39

Six Kingdoms

Answer 39

Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protists 4. Plants 5. Fungi 6. Animals

Question 40

Archaebacteria are:

Answer 40

``` Prokaryote • Unicellular • Autotrophs or heterotrophs • Live in extreme environments - high heat (thermophiles) - high salt (halophiles) ```

Question 41

Eubacteria are:

Answer 41

``` Prokaryote • Unicellular • Autotrophs or heterotrophs • No organelles - have cell membrane - have DNA ```

Question 42

Protists are:

Answer 42

Eukaryotes • Unicellular • Autotrophs or heterotrophs • Not animal, plant or fungi

Question 43

Fungi are:

Answer 43

Eukaryote • Mostly multicellular • Heterotrophs (absorb food

Question 44

Plants are:

Answer 44

Eukaryote • Mostly multicellular • Autotrophs

Question 45

Animals are:

Answer 45

Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Heterotrophs

Question 46

Cladistics

Answer 46

Grouping organisms by molecular similarities & common ancestors •Work in progress…always be updated • Groups species based on order in which they diverged from common ancestor • Utilizes derived characteristics

Question 47

Derived characteristic

Answer 47

Feature that evolved only in group of interest

Question 48

Cladograms

Answer 48

Branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between species. • Vary based on trait being examined