biology: cellular reproduction Flashcards
what is in the nucleus
deoxyribonucleic acid
chromatin
chromosome
histones
why do cells divide?
need for large surface-volume ratio
limited capacity of nucleus
deoxyribonucleic acid function
DNA
provided information for determining characteristics
majority in nucleus
what is chromatin and where is it found
threadlike form of DNA
exists when cell is not dividing
at is a chromosome and where is it found in cell cycle?
condensed form of DNA
during cell division
allows movement without tangling or breaking
what is a histone and what do they do?
protein DNA wraps around
provide stability/ organization and compaction to fit in cell
creates a nucleosome
what about prokaryotes that do not have a nucleus?
single, circular DNA
“naked”- no histones to wrap around
no nucleus, DNA attaches to plasma membrane
chromatid
duplicated half of a chromosome
collectively identical halves called “sister chromosomes”
centromere
protein dish that attaches sister chromatids together
Sex chromosomes
chromosomes that determine sex
in humans 2 X= female
1 Y and 1 X= male
autosomes
all chromosomes except sex chromosomes
all sexually reproducing organisms have two copies of each
one from each parent
homologous chromosomes
two copies of each autosome
same size, shape, and genetic information
karyotype
picture of chromosome in dividing state
diploids
cells that have two homologies of each chromosome
represented as 2n
in humans found in every single cell except sperm or egg
haploid
cell that has one set of chromosomes, half of diploid
represented as n or 1n
in humans only in sperm or egg (23 chromosomes)
how do prokaryotes divide?
easy because theirs no nucleus
asexual
binary fission
division of one cell into two identical cells
what happens during binary fission? 5 steps
- DNA replicates
- New cell membrane grows between DNA
- Cell grows to twice its size
- Cell wall grows around new membrane
- Cell divides into two identical cells
how do eukaryotes divide?
more complicated due to nucleus
mitosis and meiosis and then cytokinesis
what is mitosis
division of one nucleus (2n) into two identical nuclei (2n)
used for all cells except sperm and egg
what is meiosis
division of one nucleus (2n) into two haploid nuclei (1n)
used for sperm and egg
what is cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm
wht is the cell cycle?
repeating set of events in the life of a cell
includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
what is interphase?
time when cell is not dividing
most time spent in this phase
DNA in chromatin form
three phases
G1 phase
first phase
longest phase
cell volume grows as it produces cell components
S phase
second phase
DNA replication occur
92 chromatids- two per chromosome