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Biology Honors > biology: cellular reproduction > Flashcards

biology: cellular reproduction Flashcards

0
Q

what is in the nucleus

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
chromatin
chromosome
histones

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1
Q

why do cells divide?

A

need for large surface-volume ratio

limited capacity of nucleus

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2
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid function

A

DNA
provided information for determining characteristics
majority in nucleus

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3
Q

what is chromatin and where is it found

A

threadlike form of DNA

exists when cell is not dividing

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4
Q

at is a chromosome and where is it found in cell cycle?

A

condensed form of DNA
during cell division
allows movement without tangling or breaking

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5
Q

what is a histone and what do they do?

A

protein DNA wraps around
provide stability/ organization and compaction to fit in cell
creates a nucleosome

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6
Q

what about prokaryotes that do not have a nucleus?

A

single, circular DNA
“naked”- no histones to wrap around
no nucleus, DNA attaches to plasma membrane

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7
Q

chromatid

A

duplicated half of a chromosome

collectively identical halves called “sister chromosomes”

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8
Q

centromere

A

protein dish that attaches sister chromatids together

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9
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that determine sex
in humans 2 X= female
1 Y and 1 X= male

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10
Q

autosomes

A

all chromosomes except sex chromosomes
all sexually reproducing organisms have two copies of each
one from each parent

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two copies of each autosome

same size, shape, and genetic information

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12
Q

karyotype

A

picture of chromosome in dividing state

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13
Q

diploids

A

cells that have two homologies of each chromosome
represented as 2n
in humans found in every single cell except sperm or egg

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14
Q

haploid

A

cell that has one set of chromosomes, half of diploid
represented as n or 1n
in humans only in sperm or egg (23 chromosomes)

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15
Q

how do prokaryotes divide?

A

easy because theirs no nucleus
asexual
binary fission
division of one cell into two identical cells

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16
Q

what happens during binary fission? 5 steps

A
  1. DNA replicates
  2. New cell membrane grows between DNA
  3. Cell grows to twice its size
  4. Cell wall grows around new membrane
  5. Cell divides into two identical cells
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17
Q

how do eukaryotes divide?

A

more complicated due to nucleus

mitosis and meiosis and then cytokinesis

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18
Q

what is mitosis

A

division of one nucleus (2n) into two identical nuclei (2n)

used for all cells except sperm and egg

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19
Q

what is meiosis

A

division of one nucleus (2n) into two haploid nuclei (1n)

used for sperm and egg

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20
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

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21
Q

wht is the cell cycle?

A

repeating set of events in the life of a cell

includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

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22
Q

what is interphase?

A

time when cell is not dividing
most time spent in this phase
DNA in chromatin form
three phases

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23
Q

G1 phase

A

first phase
longest phase
cell volume grows as it produces cell components

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24
Q

S phase

A

second phase
DNA replication occur
92 chromatids- two per chromosome

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25
Q

G2 phase

A

third and final phase

cell gets ready for mitosis/ cytokinesis

26
Q

G0 phase

A

non-dividing state, most human cells

some cells never divide like muscle and nerve fiber

27
Q

what triggers a cell to leave interphase and begin to divide?

A

regulated by proteins and feedback signal

28
Q

cell growth (G1) checkpoint

A

cell healthy and suitable size- go to S phase

unfavorable conditions- stop and rest or go to G0

29
Q

DNA synthesis G2 checkpoint

A

accurate DNA synthesis/ replication- go to M phase

30
Q

Mitosis checkpoint

A

chromosomes lined up correctly- finish mitosis

31
Q

what is cell senescence

A

limited number of times a cell divides

32
Q

what happens if cell loses control?

A 
mutations in DNA can cause:
checkpoints not to work properly
unresponsiveness to crowding
unlimited number of cell dividion
CANCER
33
Q

benign tumor

A

growing mass of cells that pose no threat to life

34
Q

malignant tumor

A

growing mass of cells that may invade or destroy healthy tissue (cancer)

35
Q

metastasis tumor

A

malignant cells that travel beyond original cite of growth

36
Q

Carcinogen tumor

A

any substance that causes cancer

37
Q

carcinomas

A

cancer of the skin and tissue that line the organs of the body

38
Q

lymphomas tumor

A

cancer of the lymphatic tissue

39
Q

leukemia tumor

A

cancer of white blood cells

40
Q

how does mitosis work? what are the stages?

A

divides nucleus so both daughter cells are genetically identical

  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
41
Q

prophase

A
  1. nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear
  2. chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  3. centrioles (in chromosomes) separate to opposite sides
  4. mitotic spindles radiate from centrosome
42
Q

metaphase

A
  1. chromosomes connected to spindle fibers at centromere

2. chromosomes arranged across center of cell

43
Q

anaphase

A
  1. sister chromatids pulled apart into individual chromosomes
44
Q

telophase

A
  1. Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes to form two nuclei
  2. chromosomes turn back into chromatin
  3. Nucleoli reappear
45
Q

how does the rest of the cell divide?

A

cytokinesis

46
Q

cytokinesis

A

divides cytoplasm into two cells during telophase

47
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

cleavage furrow forms

ring of microfilaments contracts and pinches cell into two cells

48
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

vesicles from golgi bodies join at a midline and form cell plate
cell plate becomes cell wall and divides cell into two cells

49
Q

how are haploid gametes form?

50
Q

what is meiosis

A

reduction division, if it doesn’t happen zygote won’t form
produces daughter cells with half genetic information of parents
sperm and egg each have 23 chromosomes (1n)
sperm (1n) + egg (1n) = zygote with 46 chromosomes

51
Q

meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes seperate and from haploid cell

52
Q

meiosis 2

A

sister chromatids seperate

53
Q

meiosis 1- prophase 1

A

tetrad forms- homologous chromosomes pair together
crossing over occurs
DNA exchanged between chromatids of homologous pairs
source of genetic variation in species
centrosomes move to opposite poles
spindle fiber forms

54
Q

meiosis 1- metaphase 1

A

spindle fibers attach to centromeres

random alignment of tetrads at midline of cell

55
Q

meiosis 1- anaphase 1

A

homologous from tetrads randomly separate to opposite poles

independent assortment- source of variation in species

56
Q

telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

chromosomes reach opposite poles
two nuclei now formed with half the chromosomes (1n)
each chromosomes contains two chromatids
cytokinesis occurs

57
Q

prophase 2

A

no tetrads no crossing over

58
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes align singly on metaphase plate (no tetrads)

59
Q

anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids separate now each called a chromosome

chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

60
Q

telophase 2

A

each cell contains half the chromosomes (1n)

61
Q

gametognensis

A

formation of gametes (sperm or egg)

62
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of eggs in ovaries
one large (1n) egg cell and three small (1n) polar body cells
formed by meiosis
due to unequal cytokinesis

63
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of sperm in testes

four (1n) sperm cells formed by meiosois

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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