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sChOoL tEsT rEvIeWs > howdy > Flashcards

howdy Flashcards

hi

1
Q

What is Structuralism

A

A school of psychology that aimed to understand the conscience/mental processes through parts
Example: Structuralists studied reaction time

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2
Q

What is Functionalism

A

focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.

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3
Q

What is the Psychoanalytical theory

A

focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious in affecting conscious behavior, as well as early childhood experiences

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4
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology

A

A school of psychology that studied how sensory information interact with each other as a whole.
(In other words, they were basically Structuralism but focused on the whole, not the part)

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5
Q

What is Behaviorism

A

observing and controlling behavior

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6
Q

What is Humanism

A

a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

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7
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

German Scientist
First psychologist
Used introspection
Developed Structuralism

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8
Q

Who was Max Wertheimer?

A

German psychologist who introduced the Gestalt principles

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9
Q

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

A

Russian psychologist
studied conditional reflex
Experiment on dog with food and a bell
Created classical conditioning

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10
Q

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A

Behavioralist who created the Skinner Box, a box with a lever or a button used on lab rats to experiment reinforcement and punishment

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11
Q

Who was J.B. Watson?

A

Psychologist who thought introspection was flawed because objective study of the mind was impossible (like wowzers)
Preferred to only study observable behavior, this study of understanding and controlling behavior later became known as behaviorism

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12
Q

Who was William James?

A

accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
Saw psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world
Created functionalism

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13
Q

Who was Ulric Neisser?

A

German psychologist
Father of cognitive psychology
Influential to schools around the country upon his publication of his textbook “Cognitive Psychology”

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14
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud?

A

Neurologist who was fascinated with hysteria cases in patients
Believed torment from hysteria was in the unconscious mind, which eventually led to the psychoanalytic theory

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15
Q

Who was Abraham Maslow?

A

American psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs

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16
Q

Who was Carl Rogers?

A

American psychologist
Believed everyone was able to push through their own difficulties, so long as they had support
Developed client-centered therapy

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17
Q

What is Biopsychology

A

explores how our biology influences our behavior

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18
Q

What is Cognitive psychology

A

is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

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19
Q

What is Clinical psychology

A

is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

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20
Q

What is Developmental psychology

A

is the scientific study of development across a lifespan

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21
Q

What is Evolutionary psychology

A

is to predict the outcome of a behavior in a particular situation based on evolutionary theory and then to make observations, or conduct experiments, to determine whether the results match the theory

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22
Q

What is Social psychology

A

focuses on how we interact with and relate to others

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23
Q

What is the Psychology of personality

A

focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

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24
Q

What is Industrial-Organizational Psychology

A

is a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings

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25
Q

What is Health psychology

A

focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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26
Q

What is Positive psychology

A

A branch of psychology focused on the character strengths and behaviors that allow individuals to build a life of meaning and purpose—to move beyond surviving to flourishing

Studies how human strengths influence success and happiness

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27
Q

What is Sports psychology

A

study of the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing

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28
Q

What is Forensic psychology

A

A branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system

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29
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

A pyramid chart mean to show what humans need to survive to the fullest.
In order to reach the next level of the pyramid, one must first obtain all aspects of the level they are currently on.
Order of levels (bottom to top): psychological (food), security (safety/employment), social, esteem, and self-actualization

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30
Q

What is the Placebo effect

A

people’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Ex. sugar pill vs. experimental pill; people who took sugar pill thinking it was the real thing got better

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31
Q

What is a Double-blind study

A

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments(neither groups know what is happening), done to control expectations of both parties

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32
Q

What is a Single-blind study

A

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are

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33
Q

What is an experimental group

A

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

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34
Q

What is a control group

A

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

Basically the same as whatever the experimental group is, but without the experimental variable

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35
Q

What is an Independent variable

A

variable being control by experimenter; in a sound experiment, it is the only important difference between experimental and control group

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36
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

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37
Q

What is Generalizability

A

refers to how useful the results of an experiment are to a population
ex. results from small group of ten being generalized to a population of 1000 (though generalizing a group of ten to a thousand isn’t reliable)

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38
Q

What is Validity

A

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

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39
Q

What is Reliability

A

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

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40
Q

What is a clinical/case study

A

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

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41
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

observation of behavior in its natural setting

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42
Q

What is cross-sectional research

A

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

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43
Q

What is longitudinal research

A

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

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44
Q

What are Correlational Studies

A

studies that aim to assess the relationship between two or more variables

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45
Q

What is Positive Correlation

A

both variables move in the same direction
ex. as temperature increases, the rate that billy’s ice cream melts increases
billy why are you just standing there letting your ice cream melt

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46
Q

What is negative correlation

A

variables move in opposite direction

ex. as charle’s time of watching lectures bc she “had to” increases, her awareness decreases bc she’s almost brain-dead

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47
Q

What is zero correlation

A

neither variable seem to correlate (scatter plot)

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48
Q

What is the correlation coefficient

A

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
the closer r is to 1 (either negative or positive), the stronger the correlation
ex. +0.9 shows a pretty strong positive correlation

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49
Q

learn the parts of a neuron

A

can’t put a picture of a neuron here ahahaha look it up :D

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50
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

serves as the security gate and only allows large molecules in and large molecules out

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51
Q

What is a cell body

A

soma

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52
Q

What is the dendrite

A

where the neuron receives signals

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53
Q

What is an axon

A

tunnel between the terminal buttons and dendrites

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54
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

coating and insulator for axon

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55
Q

What is action potential

A

signal that moves from soma to axon to terminal buttons

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56
Q

What is the process of action potential

A

membrane potential provides energy for signals (held at resting potential when there are no signals); when neuron receives signal, membrane opens, allowing Na+ into the cell, giving it a positive charge; if cell reaches threshold of excitation, action potential begins.

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57
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

messengers that travel between neurons

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58
Q

what is acetylcholine involved in and its potential effect on behavior

A

involved in muscle action, memory

can cause increased arousal, enhanced cognition

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59
Q

What does the hindbrain contain

A

contains the medulla (automatic processes), pons (connects to rest of the brain and helps movement), and the cerebellum (little brain. Gets messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and ear)

functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well

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60
Q

What is the thalamus

A

sensory relay for brain. All senses (except smell)

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61
Q

What is the limbic system

A

responsible for memory and emotion. It contains the Hippocampus (essential for learning and memory), Amygdala (involve w/ emotion & tying emotion to memories), and Hypothalamus (regulates homeostatic processes)

functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well

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62
Q

What are the hemispheres

A

two largest parts of the brain and are connected by the corpus callosum

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63
Q

What is the cerebral cortex (surface)

A

handles higher level processes like consciousness, emotions, language. It contains the 4 lobes.

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64
Q

What does the frontal lobe contain

A

has motor cortex (plan and move), prefrontal cortex (cognition), and brocas area (language)

functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well

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65
Q

What is the parietal lobe

A

behind frontal lobe. Process senses

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66
Q

What does the occipital lobe contain

A

has primary visual cortex

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67
Q

What is the temporal lobe

A

on the sides (hearing, memory, emotion, some language), has auditory cortex and wernicke’s area (speech)

functions and of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well

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68
Q

What are hormones

A

are like neurotransmitters because they are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system and must bind to send signals. But travel through blood and attach to any cell w/ receptors that fit

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69
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

like cerebellum because it connects to the brain and controls all other glands in endocrine system

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70
Q

What is self-awareness

A

conscious knowledge of one’s own character, feelings, motives, and desires.

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71
Q

What is sensory awareness

A

direct focus on some specific sensory aspect of the body or outer or inner environment; a phenomenon of experience, not a characteristic of perception

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72
Q

What is state of awareness

A

Our level of awareness of internal events and external surroundings

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73
Q

What is sensory adaptation

A

basically when you perceive something for so long that you kind of ignore it
Ex. you see a flashing light outside the window. After a while, you’re like “meh”

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74
Q

What is Sensation

A

happens through sensory receptors

Ex. hearing a loud sound

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75
Q

What is Perception

A

way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; reacting to the sensation
Ex. jump in surprise from a loud sound or the loud sound reminding you of loud traffic (probably the last one is closer to the definition)

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76
Q

What is Gestalt psychology

A

field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts

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77
Q

What are the Gestalt principles of perception

A

Figure ground principle, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure (there’s more but phoebe only put down these)

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78
Q

What is the principle of figure ground?

A

we separate our vision into figure (focus) and ground (background)
Ex. in one image, you might see a dog or a cat first

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79
Q

What is the principle of proximity?

A

things that are close together might be perceived as related

Ex. a groups of circles close together might appear to you like they are related to each other

80
Q

What is the principle of similarity?

A

when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function.

81
Q

gestalt theory of perception

A

The gestalt theory of perception attempts to explain the way the human brain interprets information about relationships and hierarchy in a design or image based on visual cues like proximity, similarity, and closure.

82
Q

What is the principle of continuity

A

elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve
Ex. red dots in a curve seem to be more related to the black dots on the curve than red dots on a straight line (idk look it up i can’t put pictures on here)

83
Q

What is the principle of closure

A

when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern.
In other words, when you see an image that has missing parts, your brain will fill in the blanks and make a complete image so you can still recognize the pattern.
Ex. (might want to look this up too)

84
Q

Function and location of the medulla

A

automatic processes

located in hindbrain

85
Q

function and location of the pons

A

connects to rest of the brain and helps movement

located in hindbrain

86
Q

function and location of the cerebellum

A

little brain, gets messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and ear
located in hindbrain

87
Q

function of the thalamus

A

sensory relay for the brain, for all senses except smell

88
Q

functions and location of the hippocampus

A

essential for learning and memory

located in limbic system

89
Q

functions and location of the amygdala

A

involved with emotion and tying emotion to memories

located in limbic system

90
Q

functions and location of the hypothalamus

A

regulates homeostatic processes

located in limbic system

91
Q

functions and location of motor cortex

A

plan and move

located in frontal lobe

92
Q

functions and location of prefrontal cortex

A

cognition

located in frontal lobe

93
Q

functions and location of broca’s area

A

language

located in frontal lobe

94
Q

functions and location of wernicke’s area

A

speech

located in temporal lobe

95
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
ex. a dog associating the sound of footsteps with food, so it begins to salivate

96
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
ex. the experiment with the skinner box

97
Q

What is negative punishment

A

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

98
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

99
Q

what is positive punishment

A

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

100
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

101
Q

what is observational learning

A

type of learning that occurs by watching others

102
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

103
Q

what is beta-endorphin involved in and the potential effect on behavior

A

involved in pain, pleasure

can cause decreased anxiety, decreased tension

104
Q

what is dopamine involved in and the potential effect on behavior

A

involved in mood, sleep, learning

can cause increased pleasure, suppressed appetite

105
Q

what is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) involved in and its potential effect on behavior

A

involved in brain function, sleep

can cause decreased anxiety, decreased tension

106
Q

what is glutamate involved in and its potential effect on behavior

A

involved in memory, learning

can cause increased learning, enhanced memory

107
Q

what is norepinephrine involved in and its potential effect on behavior

A

involved in heart, intestines, alertness

can cause increased arousal, suppressed appetite

108
Q

what is serotonin involved in and its potential effect on behavior

A

involved in mood, sleep

can cause modulated mood, suppressed appetite

109
Q

what is howard gardner’s multiple intelligences theory

A

tates that there are 8 intelligences that each person contains. linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, inter/intrapersonal intelligence (often combined into emotional intelligence; empathy), and naturalistic intelligence.

110
Q

what is normal distribution

A

an arrangement of a data set in which most values cluster in the middle of the range and the rest taper off symmetrically toward either extreme (like a bell graph)

111
Q

what is standard deviation

A

measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean

112
Q

what is mean

A

average

113
Q

what is median

A

middle point of a set of numbers listed from least to greatest

114
Q

what is mode

A

most occurring number or value

115
Q

what are learning disabilities

A

cognitive disorders, essentially a specific neurological impairment

116
Q

what are intellectual disabilities

A

deficits in functioning and cognition

117
Q

what is validity

A

accuracy

118
Q

what is reliability

A

consistency/repetition

ex. if something happens a lot, it is reliable

119
Q

Percentage and Intellectual disability subtype for people with 3rd-to-6th grade skill level in reading, writing, and, math; may be employed and live independently

A

85%

Mild

120
Q

Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people with basic reading and writing skills; functional self-care skills; requires some oversight

A

10%

Moderate

121
Q

Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people who have functional self-care skills; requires oversight of daily environment and activities

A

5%

Severe

122
Q

Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people who may be able to communicate verbally or nonverbally and require intensive oversight

A

<1%

Profound

123
Q

means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others

A

Egocentrism

124
Q

understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

A

object perfermence

125
Q

what is the difference between learning and intellectual disabilities

A

Learning disabilities are considered specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities

126
Q

what is the process for memory (three steps)

A

encoding (gathering sensory information), storage (retaining a record), and retrieval

127
Q

what are ways to improve memory

A

chunking, elaborative rehearsal, mnemonic devices

128
Q

what is chunking

A

you organize information into manageable bits or chunks

129
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
involves both linking the information to knowledge already stored and repeating the information.

130
Q

what are mnemonic devices

A

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding

131
Q

what are the different types of long term memory

A

explicit and implicit

132
Q

what is storage

A

retaining a record

133
Q

what is retrieval

A

pulling a record from your brain, remembering

134
Q

what are the two types of memory (in general)

A

short-term and long-term

135
Q

what is short term memory

A

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

136
Q

what is long term memory

A

continuous storage of information

137
Q

the idea that even if you change that appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

A

conservation

138
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “see the world as a safe, secure place or as undependable”

A

Birth-1 yr.

Trust v. Mistrust

139
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “feels self-reliant enough to explore the world, control env., & get results, or doubts abilities”

A

1-3 yr

Autonomy v. Doubt

140
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “takes actions w/o being told or feels guilty for overstepping boundries”

A

4-6 yr

initiative v. guilt

141
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “develops confidence or feels inferior to peers”

A

7-11 yr

industry v. guilt

142
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “begin to form a unified, consistent sense of self by asking ‘who am I?’ or have problems w/ subsequent stages

A

12-18 yr

identity v. role confusion

143
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “if formed stable identities then start forming stable, close, relationships or feel lonely”

A

19-29 yr

Intimacy v. Isolation

144
Q

what is explicit memory

A

memories we consciously try to remember try to remember and recall; declarative

145
Q

what is implicit memory

A

memories that are not part of our consciousness; for behaviors and hard to verbalize

146
Q

what are the two types of explicit memory

A

semantic and episodic memory

147
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “Either find value in their lives (despite not reaching earlier goals) and give energy to community, work, and families or not”

A

30-64 yr

Generativity v. Stagnation

148
Q

what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “Feel a sense of living a meaningful life or feel regret for living an incomplete life”

A

65+

Integrity v. despair

149
Q

a disliking towards someone solely because of a social group they are apart of

A

Prejudice

150
Q

a disliking towards someone solely because of their race

A

Racism

151
Q

making assumptions about a person solely because of a social group they are in

A

Stereotyping

152
Q

a phenomenon where a witness does not offer to help a victims and instead, they just watch

A

Bystander effect

153
Q

tendency of no one to help because the responsibility is spread

A

Diffusion of responsibility

154
Q

What was the experiment preformed by Solomon Asch

A

he showed a group of participants three different lines of varying lengths. Then showed each individual a different line and asked which length it matched with. His findings show that the group majority influenced the answers of the participants

155
Q

What was the experiment preformed by Stanley Milgram

A

wanted to see if Nazis really were “just following orders” so he conducted an experiment where volunteers were told to admitter shocks to students when they answered a question incorrectly. They were told to increase the shock every time. His findings show that a surprising amount of people will do unethical things due to obedience

156
Q

What was the experiment performed by Philip Zimbardo

A

conducted an experiment where volunteers would act as either a prisoner or guard. He found that the volunteers took their roles very seriously and that the “guards” treated the “prisoners” inhumanely. The experiment was cut off

157
Q

wanting to help people even if it cost you

A

Altruism

158
Q

ability to understand how other people feel

A

Empathy

159
Q

modification of opinions to come to a common group consensus

A

Group think

160
Q

voluntary behavior to help others

A

Prosocial Behavior

161
Q

what is the DSM

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

A chart that shows a bunch of disorders and describes them

162
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety

A

disorder is characterized by continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry

163
Q

What are major depression symptoms

A

weight change, sleeping abnormalities, negative emotions, and fatigue

164
Q

What are PTSD symptoms

A

flashbacks and in order to be diagnosed one must have been involved with or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence

165
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

characterized by experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

166
Q

what is autism

A

spectrum disorder Is characterized mainly by an inability to form close emotional ties with others, speech and language abnormalities, repetitive behaviors, and an intolerance of minor changes

167
Q

What is ADHD

A

characterized by struggle to pay attention and hyperactivity

168
Q

What is OCD

A

experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions)

169
Q

What is the diathesis stress model

A

a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory

170
Q

what is semantic memory

A

consists of facts, definitions, and concepts

171
Q

what is episodic memory

A

consists of events and experiences

172
Q

What is freud’s psychodynamic theory

A

states that our unconscious drives (sex, aggression, and childhood sex/life) influence our personality

173
Q

what are freudian slips

A

slips of the tongue that are supposedly sexual or aggressive urges

174
Q

what is the id

A

contains primitive urges such as hunger, thrist, and sex and is from birth
ex. I want this now

175
Q

what is the superego

A

the moral compass which helps us differentiate from right and wrong
ex. this is wrong

176
Q

what is the ego

A

part of ourselves that is rational and presentable; serves to balance the id and superego

177
Q

what is denial

A

refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

178
Q

what is displacement

A

transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

179
Q

what is projection

A

attributing unacceptable desires to others

180
Q

what is rationalization

A

justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reason for less-acceptable real reasons

181
Q

what is reaction formation

A

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

182
Q

what is regression

A

returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

183
Q

what is repression

A

suppressing painful memories and thoughts

184
Q

what is sublimation

A

redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

185
Q

what is carl jung’s analytical psychology theory

A

focuses on balancing conscious/unconscious thought and experience within one’s personality; proposed idea of introverts/extroverts, personas and believed in collective unconsciuosness

186
Q

who was alfred adler

A

developed the idea of individual psychology which states that feelings of inferiority are our driving force; also believed in the importance of social connections because he thought they played a significant role in childhood development

187
Q

what did erik erikson believe in

A

believed we are faced with a new challenge in every stage of our life and that we must overcome said challenge to achieve happiness

188
Q

what is albert bandura’s social-cognitive theory

A

states that cognition and learning both play roles in individual personality. The theory states that determinism (behavior, context/situational factors, and cognition influence each other), observational learning (learning through watching others) and self-efficacy (confidence in our abilities; developed through social experiences)

189
Q

what is b.f. skinner’s behaviorist perspective

A

stated that our environment was solely responsible for our personality. He believed we learned to behave certain ways

190
Q

what is the humanistic approach

A

focuses on how healthy people develop

191
Q

Who was Abraham Maslow

A

studied healthy people and found that they tend to be open, creative, and loving. Also, he made the hierarchy of needs

192
Q

What did carl rogers focus on

A

focused on the idea of self-concept and divided it into the ideal and real self. He believed that in order to achieve fulfillment, one must reach consistency between the two. Parents play a huge role in this.

193
Q

What was the conclusion of the minnesota study of twins

A

found that identical twins, raised together or apart, have similar personalities

194
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ____

A

DEPRESSION YEAHHHHHH

195
Q

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Katniss Everdeen, Hercules, King Author, Luke Sky Walker, Mulan, Beowulf, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

A

Archetypes: ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams (Jung).

sChOoL tEsT rEvIeWs (35 decks)

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