howdy Flashcards
hi
What is Structuralism
A school of psychology that aimed to understand the conscience/mental processes through parts
Example: Structuralists studied reaction time
What is Functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.
What is the Psychoanalytical theory
focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious in affecting conscious behavior, as well as early childhood experiences
What is Gestalt Psychology
A school of psychology that studied how sensory information interact with each other as a whole.
(In other words, they were basically Structuralism but focused on the whole, not the part)
What is Behaviorism
observing and controlling behavior
What is Humanism
a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
German Scientist
First psychologist
Used introspection
Developed Structuralism
Who was Max Wertheimer?
German psychologist who introduced the Gestalt principles
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
Russian psychologist
studied conditional reflex
Experiment on dog with food and a bell
Created classical conditioning
Who was B.F. Skinner?
Behavioralist who created the Skinner Box, a box with a lever or a button used on lab rats to experiment reinforcement and punishment
Who was J.B. Watson?
Psychologist who thought introspection was flawed because objective study of the mind was impossible (like wowzers)
Preferred to only study observable behavior, this study of understanding and controlling behavior later became known as behaviorism
Who was William James?
accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
Saw psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world
Created functionalism
Who was Ulric Neisser?
German psychologist
Father of cognitive psychology
Influential to schools around the country upon his publication of his textbook “Cognitive Psychology”
Who was Sigmund Freud?
Neurologist who was fascinated with hysteria cases in patients
Believed torment from hysteria was in the unconscious mind, which eventually led to the psychoanalytic theory
Who was Abraham Maslow?
American psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs
Who was Carl Rogers?
American psychologist
Believed everyone was able to push through their own difficulties, so long as they had support
Developed client-centered therapy
What is Biopsychology
explores how our biology influences our behavior
What is Cognitive psychology
is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
What is Clinical psychology
is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
What is Developmental psychology
is the scientific study of development across a lifespan
What is Evolutionary psychology
is to predict the outcome of a behavior in a particular situation based on evolutionary theory and then to make observations, or conduct experiments, to determine whether the results match the theory
What is Social psychology
focuses on how we interact with and relate to others
What is the Psychology of personality
focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
What is Industrial-Organizational Psychology
is a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings
What is Health psychology
focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
What is Positive psychology
A branch of psychology focused on the character strengths and behaviors that allow individuals to build a life of meaning and purpose—to move beyond surviving to flourishing
Studies how human strengths influence success and happiness
What is Sports psychology
study of the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing
What is Forensic psychology
A branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system
What is the hierarchy of needs?
A pyramid chart mean to show what humans need to survive to the fullest.
In order to reach the next level of the pyramid, one must first obtain all aspects of the level they are currently on.
Order of levels (bottom to top): psychological (food), security (safety/employment), social, esteem, and self-actualization
What is the Placebo effect
people’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Ex. sugar pill vs. experimental pill; people who took sugar pill thinking it was the real thing got better
What is a Double-blind study
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments(neither groups know what is happening), done to control expectations of both parties
What is a Single-blind study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are
What is an experimental group
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
What is a control group
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
Basically the same as whatever the experimental group is, but without the experimental variable
What is an Independent variable
variable being control by experimenter; in a sound experiment, it is the only important difference between experimental and control group
What is a dependent variable
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
What is Generalizability
refers to how useful the results of an experiment are to a population
ex. results from small group of ten being generalized to a population of 1000 (though generalizing a group of ten to a thousand isn’t reliable)
What is Validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
What is Reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
What is a clinical/case study
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
What is naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting
What is cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
What is longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
What are Correlational Studies
studies that aim to assess the relationship between two or more variables
What is Positive Correlation
both variables move in the same direction
ex. as temperature increases, the rate that billy’s ice cream melts increases
billy why are you just standing there letting your ice cream melt
What is negative correlation
variables move in opposite direction
ex. as charle’s time of watching lectures bc she “had to” increases, her awareness decreases bc she’s almost brain-dead
What is zero correlation
neither variable seem to correlate (scatter plot)
What is the correlation coefficient
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
the closer r is to 1 (either negative or positive), the stronger the correlation
ex. +0.9 shows a pretty strong positive correlation
learn the parts of a neuron
can’t put a picture of a neuron here ahahaha look it up :D
What is the cell membrane
serves as the security gate and only allows large molecules in and large molecules out
What is a cell body
soma
What is the dendrite
where the neuron receives signals
What is an axon
tunnel between the terminal buttons and dendrites
What is the myelin sheath
coating and insulator for axon
What is action potential
signal that moves from soma to axon to terminal buttons
What is the process of action potential
membrane potential provides energy for signals (held at resting potential when there are no signals); when neuron receives signal, membrane opens, allowing Na+ into the cell, giving it a positive charge; if cell reaches threshold of excitation, action potential begins.
What are neurotransmitters
messengers that travel between neurons
what is acetylcholine involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in muscle action, memory
can cause increased arousal, enhanced cognition
What does the hindbrain contain
contains the medulla (automatic processes), pons (connects to rest of the brain and helps movement), and the cerebellum (little brain. Gets messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and ear)
functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well
What is the thalamus
sensory relay for brain. All senses (except smell)
What is the limbic system
responsible for memory and emotion. It contains the Hippocampus (essential for learning and memory), Amygdala (involve w/ emotion & tying emotion to memories), and Hypothalamus (regulates homeostatic processes)
functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well
What are the hemispheres
two largest parts of the brain and are connected by the corpus callosum
What is the cerebral cortex (surface)
handles higher level processes like consciousness, emotions, language. It contains the 4 lobes.
What does the frontal lobe contain
has motor cortex (plan and move), prefrontal cortex (cognition), and brocas area (language)
functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well
What is the parietal lobe
behind frontal lobe. Process senses
What does the occipital lobe contain
has primary visual cortex
What is the temporal lobe
on the sides (hearing, memory, emotion, some language), has auditory cortex and wernicke’s area (speech)
functions and of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well
What are hormones
are like neurotransmitters because they are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system and must bind to send signals. But travel through blood and attach to any cell w/ receptors that fit
What is the pituitary gland
like cerebellum because it connects to the brain and controls all other glands in endocrine system
What is self-awareness
conscious knowledge of one’s own character, feelings, motives, and desires.
What is sensory awareness
direct focus on some specific sensory aspect of the body or outer or inner environment; a phenomenon of experience, not a characteristic of perception
What is state of awareness
Our level of awareness of internal events and external surroundings
What is sensory adaptation
basically when you perceive something for so long that you kind of ignore it
Ex. you see a flashing light outside the window. After a while, you’re like “meh”
What is Sensation
happens through sensory receptors
Ex. hearing a loud sound
What is Perception
way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; reacting to the sensation
Ex. jump in surprise from a loud sound or the loud sound reminding you of loud traffic (probably the last one is closer to the definition)
What is Gestalt psychology
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
What are the Gestalt principles of perception
Figure ground principle, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure (there’s more but phoebe only put down these)
What is the principle of figure ground?
we separate our vision into figure (focus) and ground (background)
Ex. in one image, you might see a dog or a cat first
What is the principle of proximity?
things that are close together might be perceived as related
Ex. a groups of circles close together might appear to you like they are related to each other
What is the principle of similarity?
when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function.
gestalt theory of perception
The gestalt theory of perception attempts to explain the way the human brain interprets information about relationships and hierarchy in a design or image based on visual cues like proximity, similarity, and closure.
What is the principle of continuity
elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve
Ex. red dots in a curve seem to be more related to the black dots on the curve than red dots on a straight line (idk look it up i can’t put pictures on here)
What is the principle of closure
when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern.
In other words, when you see an image that has missing parts, your brain will fill in the blanks and make a complete image so you can still recognize the pattern.
Ex. (might want to look this up too)
Function and location of the medulla
automatic processes
located in hindbrain
function and location of the pons
connects to rest of the brain and helps movement
located in hindbrain
function and location of the cerebellum
little brain, gets messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and ear
located in hindbrain
function of the thalamus
sensory relay for the brain, for all senses except smell
functions and location of the hippocampus
essential for learning and memory
located in limbic system
functions and location of the amygdala
involved with emotion and tying emotion to memories
located in limbic system
functions and location of the hypothalamus
regulates homeostatic processes
located in limbic system
functions and location of motor cortex
plan and move
located in frontal lobe
functions and location of prefrontal cortex
cognition
located in frontal lobe
functions and location of broca’s area
language
located in frontal lobe
functions and location of wernicke’s area
speech
located in temporal lobe
what is classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
ex. a dog associating the sound of footsteps with food, so it begins to salivate
what is operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
ex. the experiment with the skinner box
What is negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
what is negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
what is positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
what is positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
what is observational learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others
what is classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
what is beta-endorphin involved in and the potential effect on behavior
involved in pain, pleasure
can cause decreased anxiety, decreased tension
what is dopamine involved in and the potential effect on behavior
involved in mood, sleep, learning
can cause increased pleasure, suppressed appetite
what is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in brain function, sleep
can cause decreased anxiety, decreased tension
what is glutamate involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in memory, learning
can cause increased learning, enhanced memory
what is norepinephrine involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in heart, intestines, alertness
can cause increased arousal, suppressed appetite
what is serotonin involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in mood, sleep
can cause modulated mood, suppressed appetite
what is howard gardner’s multiple intelligences theory
tates that there are 8 intelligences that each person contains. linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, inter/intrapersonal intelligence (often combined into emotional intelligence; empathy), and naturalistic intelligence.
what is normal distribution
an arrangement of a data set in which most values cluster in the middle of the range and the rest taper off symmetrically toward either extreme (like a bell graph)
what is standard deviation
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
what is mean
average
what is median
middle point of a set of numbers listed from least to greatest
what is mode
most occurring number or value
what are learning disabilities
cognitive disorders, essentially a specific neurological impairment
what are intellectual disabilities
deficits in functioning and cognition
what is validity
accuracy
what is reliability
consistency/repetition
ex. if something happens a lot, it is reliable
Percentage and Intellectual disability subtype for people with 3rd-to-6th grade skill level in reading, writing, and, math; may be employed and live independently
85%
Mild
Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people with basic reading and writing skills; functional self-care skills; requires some oversight
10%
Moderate
Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people who have functional self-care skills; requires oversight of daily environment and activities
5%
Severe
Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people who may be able to communicate verbally or nonverbally and require intensive oversight
<1%
Profound
means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others
Egocentrism
understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
object perfermence
what is the difference between learning and intellectual disabilities
Learning disabilities are considered specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities
what is the process for memory (three steps)
encoding (gathering sensory information), storage (retaining a record), and retrieval
what are ways to improve memory
chunking, elaborative rehearsal, mnemonic devices
what is chunking
you organize information into manageable bits or chunks
what is elaborative rehearsal
a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
involves both linking the information to knowledge already stored and repeating the information.
what are mnemonic devices
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding
what are the different types of long term memory
explicit and implicit
what is storage
retaining a record
what is retrieval
pulling a record from your brain, remembering
what are the two types of memory (in general)
short-term and long-term
what is short term memory
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
what is long term memory
continuous storage of information
the idea that even if you change that appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
conservation
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “see the world as a safe, secure place or as undependable”
Birth-1 yr.
Trust v. Mistrust
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “feels self-reliant enough to explore the world, control env., & get results, or doubts abilities”
1-3 yr
Autonomy v. Doubt
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “takes actions w/o being told or feels guilty for overstepping boundries”
4-6 yr
initiative v. guilt
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “develops confidence or feels inferior to peers”
7-11 yr
industry v. guilt
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “begin to form a unified, consistent sense of self by asking ‘who am I?’ or have problems w/ subsequent stages
12-18 yr
identity v. role confusion
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “if formed stable identities then start forming stable, close, relationships or feel lonely”
19-29 yr
Intimacy v. Isolation
what is explicit memory
memories we consciously try to remember try to remember and recall; declarative
what is implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness; for behaviors and hard to verbalize
what are the two types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic memory
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “Either find value in their lives (despite not reaching earlier goals) and give energy to community, work, and families or not”
30-64 yr
Generativity v. Stagnation
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are “Feel a sense of living a meaningful life or feel regret for living an incomplete life”
65+
Integrity v. despair
a disliking towards someone solely because of a social group they are apart of
Prejudice
a disliking towards someone solely because of their race
Racism
making assumptions about a person solely because of a social group they are in
Stereotyping
a phenomenon where a witness does not offer to help a victims and instead, they just watch
Bystander effect
tendency of no one to help because the responsibility is spread
Diffusion of responsibility
What was the experiment preformed by Solomon Asch
he showed a group of participants three different lines of varying lengths. Then showed each individual a different line and asked which length it matched with. His findings show that the group majority influenced the answers of the participants
What was the experiment preformed by Stanley Milgram
wanted to see if Nazis really were “just following orders” so he conducted an experiment where volunteers were told to admitter shocks to students when they answered a question incorrectly. They were told to increase the shock every time. His findings show that a surprising amount of people will do unethical things due to obedience
What was the experiment performed by Philip Zimbardo
conducted an experiment where volunteers would act as either a prisoner or guard. He found that the volunteers took their roles very seriously and that the “guards” treated the “prisoners” inhumanely. The experiment was cut off
wanting to help people even if it cost you
Altruism
ability to understand how other people feel
Empathy
modification of opinions to come to a common group consensus
Group think
voluntary behavior to help others
Prosocial Behavior
what is the DSM
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
A chart that shows a bunch of disorders and describes them
What is Generalized Anxiety
disorder is characterized by continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry
What are major depression symptoms
weight change, sleeping abnormalities, negative emotions, and fatigue
What are PTSD symptoms
flashbacks and in order to be diagnosed one must have been involved with or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
What is bipolar disorder
characterized by experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
what is autism
spectrum disorder Is characterized mainly by an inability to form close emotional ties with others, speech and language abnormalities, repetitive behaviors, and an intolerance of minor changes
What is ADHD
characterized by struggle to pay attention and hyperactivity
What is OCD
experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions)
What is the diathesis stress model
a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory
what is semantic memory
consists of facts, definitions, and concepts
what is episodic memory
consists of events and experiences
What is freud’s psychodynamic theory
states that our unconscious drives (sex, aggression, and childhood sex/life) influence our personality
what are freudian slips
slips of the tongue that are supposedly sexual or aggressive urges
what is the id
contains primitive urges such as hunger, thrist, and sex and is from birth
ex. I want this now
what is the superego
the moral compass which helps us differentiate from right and wrong
ex. this is wrong
what is the ego
part of ourselves that is rational and presentable; serves to balance the id and superego
what is denial
refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant
what is displacement
transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target
what is projection
attributing unacceptable desires to others
what is rationalization
justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reason for less-acceptable real reasons
what is reaction formation
reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs
what is regression
returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development
what is repression
suppressing painful memories and thoughts
what is sublimation
redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
what is carl jung’s analytical psychology theory
focuses on balancing conscious/unconscious thought and experience within one’s personality; proposed idea of introverts/extroverts, personas and believed in collective unconsciuosness
who was alfred adler
developed the idea of individual psychology which states that feelings of inferiority are our driving force; also believed in the importance of social connections because he thought they played a significant role in childhood development
what did erik erikson believe in
believed we are faced with a new challenge in every stage of our life and that we must overcome said challenge to achieve happiness
what is albert bandura’s social-cognitive theory
states that cognition and learning both play roles in individual personality. The theory states that determinism (behavior, context/situational factors, and cognition influence each other), observational learning (learning through watching others) and self-efficacy (confidence in our abilities; developed through social experiences)
what is b.f. skinner’s behaviorist perspective
stated that our environment was solely responsible for our personality. He believed we learned to behave certain ways
what is the humanistic approach
focuses on how healthy people develop
Who was Abraham Maslow
studied healthy people and found that they tend to be open, creative, and loving. Also, he made the hierarchy of needs
What did carl rogers focus on
focused on the idea of self-concept and divided it into the ideal and real self. He believed that in order to achieve fulfillment, one must reach consistency between the two. Parents play a huge role in this.
What was the conclusion of the minnesota study of twins
found that identical twins, raised together or apart, have similar personalities
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ____
DEPRESSION YEAHHHHHH
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Katniss Everdeen, Hercules, King Author, Luke Sky Walker, Mulan, Beowulf, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
Archetypes: ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams (Jung).
