How Do Things Get Around The Body?

Question 1

Types of Passive Transport

Answer 1

Diffusion through lipid bilayer.
Diffusion through ion channels.
Facilitated diffusion using carrier protein.

Question 2

Functions of Cardiovascular System

Answer 2

Transport of gasses, nutrients, metabolic wastes, etc.
Protection using inflammation, phagocytes, platelets, antibodies.
Regulation of fluid balance, pH, body temperature, blood pressure.

Question 3

Location of Heart

Answer 3

Thoracic cavity, obliquely in mediastinum, medial to two lungs, superior to diaphragm.

Question 4

Pericardium

Answer 4

Parietal - lines fibrous outer layer.
Visceral - covers heart surface.
Pericardial cavity - between two pericardium and filled with pericardial fluid.

Question 5

Sulci in Heart

Answer 5

Grooves (coronary sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus).

Question 6

Pericardial & Epicardial Fat

Answer 6

Pericardial - between viscera & parietal pericardium.

Question 7

Layers of Heart Wall

Answer 7

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 8

Heart Wall: Epicardium

Answer 8

Outer layer. Serous membrane, simple squamous epithelium over Areolar tissue.

Question 9

Heart Wall: Myocardium

Answer 9

Middle layer. Thickest layer of cardiac muscle cells for contractility.

Question 10

Heart Wall: Endocardium

Answer 10

Smooth inner surface of heart chambers. Simple squamous epithelium over areolar tissue, covers valve surface & continuous with endothelium.

Question 11

Interventricular Septum

Answer 11

Separation between two ventricles in heart.

Question 12

Interatrial Septum

Answer 12

Wall between two atria in heart. Contains a depression, fossa ovalis, a remnant of the feral opening (for amen ovale) between atria.

Question 13

Pectinate Muscles

Answer 13

Muscular ridges in auricles & atrial wall.

Question 14

Trabeculae Carnae

Answer 14

Muscular ridges & columns on inside walls of ventricles.

Question 15

Auricles

Answer 15

Extensions of the right atrium to increase volume.

Question 16

Cordae Tendineae

Answer 16

Tendons that attach cusps to papillary muscles.

Question 17

Coronary Circulation

Answer 17

Part of the systemic circulation that supplies only the heart.

Question 18

Action Potential

Answer 18

A rapid change in membrane potential. Acts as an electrical signal/impulse.

Question 19

Conduction of the Heart

Answer 19

1. APs originate in the SA node.
2. APs travel across wall of atrium & to AV node.
3. AP passes through AV node.
4. AP travels along AV bundle into interventricular septum.
5. AV bundle divides into right & left bundle branches.
6. APs descend to apex of each ventricles along bundle branches.
7. APs are carried by the Purkinie fibres.
8. APs are carried by bundle branches to the ventricular walls & papillary muscles.

Question 20

Blood Composition

Answer 20

Plasma - 55% (91% water, 7% proteins, 2% other solutes)
Formed elements - 45% (platelets, WBCs, RBCs)

Question 21

Edema/Oedema

Answer 21

Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in body tissues (interstitial space). Caused by problems with capillaries, heart failure, kidney disease, liver problems, pregnancy, lymphatic system issues, etc.

Question 22

Edema/Oedema

Answer 22

Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in body tissues (interstitial space). Caused by problems with capillaries, heart failure, kidney disease, liver problems, pregnancy, lymphatic system issues, etc.